Camponotus

Camponotus; Temporal range: 53–0 Ma K Pa Eo Ol Mi Pl Ypresian, Early Eocene – Recent
	Camponotus ligniperda
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Formicidae
Subfamily:	Formicinae
Tribe:	Camponotini
Genus:	Camponotus; Mayr, 1861
Type species
	Formica ligniperda, now Camponotus ligniperda;
Subgenera
	Camponotus Mayr, 1861; Dendromyrmex Emery, 1895; Forelophilus Kutter, 1931; Hypercolobopsis Emery, 1920; Karavaievia Emery, 1925; Manniella Wheeler, W.M., 1921; Mayria Forel, 1878; Myrmacrhaphe Santschi, 1926; Myrmamblys Forel, 1912; Myrmaphaenus Emery, 1920; Myrmentoma Forel, 1912; Myrmepinotus Santschi, 1921; Myrmepomis Forel, 1912; Myrmespera Santschi, 1926; Myrmeurynota Forel, 1912; Myrmisolepis Santschi, 1921; Myrmobrachys Forel, 1912; Myrmocladoecus Wheeler, W.M., 1921; Myrmodirachis Emery, 1925; Myrmogonia Forel, 1912; Myrmomalis Forel, 1914; Myrmonesites Emery, 1920; Myrmopalpella Stärcke, 1934; Myrmopelta Santschi, 1921; Myrmophyma Forel, 1912; Myrmopiromis Wheeler, W.M., 1921; Myrmoplatypus Santschi, 1921; Myrmoplatys Forel, 1916; Myrmopsamma Forel, 1914; Myrmopytia Emery, 1920; Myrmosaga Forel, 1912; Myrmosaulus Wheeler, W.M., 1921; Myrmosericus Forel, 1912; Myrmosphincta Forel, 1912; Myrmostenus Emery, 1920; Myrmotarsus Forel, 1912; Myrmothrix Forel, 1912; Myrmotrema Forel, 1912; Myrmoxygenys Emery, 1925; Orthonotomyrmex Ashmead, 1906; Paramyrmamblys Santschi, 1926; Phasmomyrmex Stitz, 1910; Pseudocolobopsis Emery, 1920; Rhinomyrmex Forel, 1886; Tanaemyrmex Ashmead, 1905; Thlipsepinotus Santschi, 1928;
Diversity
	1,510 species; 1 fossil species; (Checklist, By Country, Overview) Camponotus ligniperda Specimen Label
Synonyms
	Dolophra Wu, J. & Wang, 1994; Myrmocamelus Forel, 1914; Myrmolophus Emery, 1920; Myrmoturba Forel, 1912; Neocolobopsis Borgmeier, 1928; Neomyrmamblys Wheeler, W.M., 1921; Orthonotus Ashmead, 1905;

Hita Garcia, Wiesel and Fischer (2013) - Camponotus is an extremely large and complex, globally distributed genus. At present, more than 1000 species and nearly 500 subspecies belonging to 45 subgenera are described (Bolton, 2012) and it could well be the largest ant genus of all. The enormous species richness, high levels of intraspecific and geographic variation and polymorphism render the taxonomy of Camponotus one of the most complex and difficult. Revisionary studies on Camponotus are generally confined to species groups and/or small geographical regions (e.g. Robertson & Zachariades, 1997; Snelling, 2006; McArthur, 2007; Shattuck & Janda, 2009). These ants live in a variety of habitats and microhabitats and the sheer size of the genus makes any characterisation of their biology challenging. Nests are built in the ground, in rotten branches or twigs, or rarely into living wood (Bolton, 1973a) and most species possess a highly generalistic diet.

Recently, Blaimer et al. (2015) found that Camponotus is paraphyletic with respect to Phasmomyrmex and Forelophilus, and that Colobopsis is sister to the remainder of the Camponotini while Dinomyrmex is nested outside of Camponotus. For this reason, Ward et al. (2016) revised the generic delimitation of the Camponotini (see the individual generic pages for additional information).

Taxonomically, Camponotus and the tribe Camponotini more broadly is one of the most challenging puzzles in the Formicidae, and not merely due to the massive size of these taxa (1,510 species and subspecies in Camponotus). Although some genera in the tribe are reasonably identifiable based on external morphology (e.g., Ward et al. 2016), others, such as the fundamental distinction between Colobopsis—which is sister to all other Camponotini—and the hyperdiverse Camponotus is challenging even with extant material in hand and under the microscope (Ward and Boudinot, 2021; Boudinot et al., 2024).

At a Glance

• Haiku

Photo Gallery

Camponotus pennsylvanicus feeding on a droplet of honey.
A queen from Dominican amber.
Mermithid nematode exposed in the gaster of Camponotus sp. from the Sierra Nevada, California (Poinar, 2012, Fig. 2).
A Camponotus sp. infected by the fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis from San Pedrillo, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Photo by Katja Schulz.
Camponotus compressus minor worker carrying a termite dealate. Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Photo by Yathumon M A.

Identification

Camponotus is a hyperdiverse genus (> 1,000 species, > 400 subspecies) that is rife with taxonomic problems and puzzles. Various subgenera, complexes, and informal groupings have either been defined in taxonomic publications or have been informally recognized. All of this sorting of species at the level between the genus and species level is an attempt to introduce some order to the genus and/or allow for a more workable framework for understanding Camponotus diversity within a particular region. The Camponotus species groups page provides links to some of the Antwiki pages that include Camponotus species groupings and information. See, particularly, Emery's (1925) keys to the subgenera of Camponotus, as well as related pages linked therein.

Distinguishing Colobopsis from Camponotus

To differentiate Colobopsis from Camponotus Ward et al. (2016) proposed the following global key:

1 Not occurring in Fiji or New Caledonia ... 2

- Occurring in Fiji ... 3

- Occurring New Caledonia ... 4

2 Generally small species, HW 0.65–1.10 (except cylindrica-group of Southeast Asia with HW 1.20–1.70, and facies as in Figures 4 and 5); either antennal insertions relatively well separated, such that ASM/HW 0.36–0.47 and ASM/CLW 0.66–0.98, and/or clypeus relatively narrow, such that CLW/CLL 0.96–1.32; antennal insertions occurring at about midlength of frontal carinae; anterolateral extremities of clypeus set off from rest of clypeus by a sulcus or impression, so clypeus appears to lack prominent anterolateral extensions (Figures 2–5) ... Colobopsis

- Small to large species, HW 0.70–3.00; antennal insertions less well separated, such that ASM/HW 0.22–0.35 and ASM/CLW 0.35–0.68; clypeus variable in shape but in smaller species with HW 0.70–1.35 (e.g., Camponotus (Myrmamblys), C. (Myrmentoma) and C. (Pseudocolobopsis)) clypeus tending to be relatively broad, such that CLW/CLL 1.25–1.62, although exceptions occur (e.g., in some C. (Pseudocolobopsis) species) (Figures 14–15); antennal insertions usually occurring in front of midlength of frontal carinae; clypeus typically with prominent anterolateral extensions (Figure 15) ... Camponotus

3 With conspicuous long setae, gracile legs, and a shield-shaped clypeus with prominent anterolateral extensions (Figure 16) ... Camponotus chloroticus

- Without the combination of conspicuous long setae and gracile legs; clypeus lacking prominent anterolateral extensions (Figures 8–11) ... Colobopsis

4 Small species, HW 0.68–1.04; antennal insertions more widely separated (ASM/HW 0.34–0.39 and ASM/CLW 0.64–0.77) (Figures 18–19); clypeus tending to be less broad (CLW/CLL 1.15–1.40) ... Colobopsis

- Small to medium-sized species, HW 0.75–2.10; antennal insertions less well separated (ASM/HW 0.25–0.29 and ASM/CLW 0.46–0.55); clypeus varying in shape, but if HW < 1.05 (e.g., Camponotus pulchellus complex) (Figure 17) then clypeus tending to be broader (CLW/CLL 1.25–1.60) ... Camponotus

See images of species within this genus

Keys including this Genus

Keys to Subgenera or Species Groups in this Genus

Keys to Species in this Genus

Emery's keys to the subgenera from Genera Insectorum

Emery's (1925) key to subgenera from Genera Insectorum

Species Groups

Distribution

Distribution and Richness based on AntMaps

Species by Region

Number of species within biogeographic regions, along with the total number of species for each region.

	Afrotropical Region	Australasian Region	Indomalaya Region	Malagasy Region	Nearctic Region	Neotropical Region	Oceania Region	Palaearctic Region
Species	307	166	251	113	51	482	21	234
Total Species	2851	2437	3468	926	841	4418	438	2953

Fossils

Note that while Boudinot et al. (2024) transferred all other fossil species of Camponotus to Camponotites, Camponotus parvus was not included in their revision, presumably as this species was described after their manuscript was completed but before publication. Camponotus parvus should be treated in the same way as other fossil taxa Camponotus and considered to belong to Camponotites until its transfer can be formally proposed.

Takahashi & Aiba (2023) comment on a winged Camponotus fossils from the Chibanian (Middle Pleistocene) Shiobara Group, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. However, B. Boudinot (03.Nov.2023) notes that these specimens are misidentified to genus; while it is plausible that they may be Formicinae, it is not immediately obvious to which genus they should be attributed.

Biology

Nesting Habits

There is great diversity of nest architecture: in ground, in dead wood, or structures constructed outside tree trunks and branches using carton (rigid material composed of masticated and moistened plant fibres) or silk.

Species belonging to three subgenera (Karavaievia in Asia; Dendromyrmex and Myrmobrachys in South America) use last-instar larvae to weave their nests, and incorporate sand particles, detritus and bits of plants into the silk sheet (e.g. Camponotus texens and Camponotus gombaki; Maschwitz et al. 1985). See also Camponotus nitidior, Camponotus chartifex, Camponotus senex

A twig-nesting species from Cairns, Queensland, Australia.

Ant Gardens

Four unidentified species of Camponotus from peninsular Malaysia are known to form ant-gardens (i.e., they are able to initiate ant gardens or are restricted to ant gardens) (Kaufmann at al., 2001; Kaufmann, 2002 (noted as ant-garden initiator); Kaufmann & Maschwitz, 2006; Orivel & Leroy, 2011).

Association with Other Organisms

Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

Unknown species of Camponotus are involved in the following associations:

Associate Type	Associate Taxon	Relationship	Locality	Source	Notes
Braconid wasp	Elasmosoma berolinense	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Encyrtid wasp	Arketypon vaderi	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018
Encyrtid wasp	Arketypon vaderi	Parasitoid		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	associate
Eucharitid wasp	Ancylotropus manipurensis	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Eucharitid wasp	Lophyrocera variabilis	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Eucharitid wasp	Mateucharis rugulosa	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Eucharitid wasp	Pseudochalcura americana	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode secondary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Eucharitid wasp	Pseudochalcura nigrocyanea	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode secondary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Eucharitid wasp	Rhipipalloidea madangensis	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Eucharitid wasp	Rhipipalloidea sp.	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Eucharitid wasp	Stilbula cyniformis	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Eucharitid wasp	Stilbuloida doddi	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Eucharitid wasp	Zulucharis campbelli	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Eucharitid wasp	Ancylotropus manipurensis	Parasitoid		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	primary host
Eucharitid wasp	Lophyrocera variabilis	Parasitoid		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	primary host
Eucharitid wasp	Mateucharis rugulosa	Parasitoid		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	primary host
Eucharitid wasp	Pseudochalcura gibbosa	Parasitoid		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	primary host
Eucharitid wasp	Pseudochalcura nigrocyanea	Parasitoid		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	associate
Eucharitid wasp	Rhipipalloidea sp.	Parasitoid		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	primary host
Eucharitid wasp	Rhipipalloidea madangensis	Parasitoid		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	primary host
Eucharitid wasp	Stilbula cyniformis	Parasitoid		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	primary host
Eucharitid wasp	Stilbuloida doddi	Parasitoid		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	primary host
Eucharitid wasp	Zulucharis campbelli	Parasitoid		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	primary host
Eulophid wasp	Horismenus microdonophagus	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018
Eulophid wasp	Horismenus myrmecophagus	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Eulophid wasp	Horismenus microdonophagus	Parasitoid		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	associate
Eulophid wasp	Horismenus myrmecophagus	Parasitoid		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	primary host
Eulophid wasp	Pediobius acraconae	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018
Eurytomid wasp	Camponotophilus delvarei	Parasitoid		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	associate
Mite	Petalomium heterotrichus	Phoretic or nest inhabitant	Iran	Da Silva et al., 2025	mite probably fungivorous
Mite	Petalomium krczali	Phoretic or nest inhabitant	United States	Da Silva et al., 2025	mite probably fungivorous
Mite	Petalomium rarus	Phoretic or nest inhabitant	Iran	Da Silva et al., 2025	mite probably fungivorous
Phorid fly	Apocephalus coquilletti	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018
Phorid fly	Apocephalus crucicauda	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018
Phorid fly	Apocephalus crucicauda	Parasitoid		phorid.net	attacked
Phorid fly	Apocephalus similis	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018
Phorid fly	Apocephalus similis	Parasitoid		phorid.net	attacked
Phorid fly	Diocophora appretiata	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018
Phorid fly	Diocophora disparifrons	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018
Phorid fly	Rhyncophoromyia gymnopleura	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018
Microdon fly	Microdon piperi	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018
Cricket	Myrmecophilus arboreus	Myrmecophile	New Guinea
Cricket	Myrmecophilus baronii	Myrmecophile	Mediterranean region	Stalling & Cassar, 2020
Tiger beetle	Cicindela limbalis	Predator	United States	Valenti & Gaimari, 2000; Polidori et al., 2020
Tiger beetle	Cicindela scutellaris lecontei	Predator		Valenti & Gaimari, 2000; Polidori et al., 2020
Nematode	Steinerema carpocapsae	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018
Strepsipteran	Apocephalus conecitonis	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018
Strepsipteran	Apocephalus paraponerae	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018
Silverfish	Afrolepisma tragardhi	Generalist obligate myrmecophile (uncertain)	South Africa	Irish (2018), Molero‑Baltanás et al. (2025)
Silverfish	Ctenolepisma (Sceletolepisma) terebrans	Occasional nidicolous guest	Namibia	Irish (1987), Molero‑Baltanás et al. (2025)
Silverfish	Grassiella aepsera	Nidicolous guest (uncertain)	Brazil	Wygodzinsky (1958a), Molero‑Baltanás et al. (2025)
Silverfish	Lepisma chlorosoma	Generalist facultative myrmecophile	Portugal	Mendes (2002c), Molero‑Baltanás et al. (2025)
Silverfish	Lepisma chlorosoma	Generalist facultative myrmecophile	Spain	Molero-Baltanás et al. (2017), Molero‑Baltanás et al. (2025)
Silverfish	Neoasterolepisma curtiseta	Generalist obligate myrmecophile	Morocco	Mendes (1988a), Molero‑Baltanás et al. (2025)
Silverfish	Neoasterolepisma sorenseni	Specialist obligate myrmecophile	Spain	Molero-Baltanás et al. (1994), Molero‑Baltanás et al. (2025)
Silverfish	Tricholepisma zulu	Generalist obligate myrmecophile (uncertain)	South Africa	Irish (2018), Molero‑Baltanás et al. (2025)	Camponotus sp. (cf. maculatus)
Fungus	Beauveria bassiana	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018
Fungus	Gibellula formicarium	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018
Fungus	Laboulbenia camponoti	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018
Fungus	Ophiocordyceps acerosa	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018
Fungus	Ophiocordyceps albacongiuae	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018
Fungus	Ophiocordyceps albacongiuae	Parasitoid		Araujo et al., 2018
Fungus	Ophiocordyceps blakebarnesii	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018
Fungus	Ophiocordyceps blakebarnesii	Parasitoid		Araujo et al., 2018
Fungus	Ophiocordyceps irangiensis	Parasitoid		Araujo et al., 2018
Fungus	Ophiocordyceps japonensis	Parasitoid	Asia, North and South America	Shrestha et al., 2017
Fungus	Ophiocordyceps lloydii binata	Parasitoid	Asia, North and South America	Shrestha et al., 2017
Fungus	Ophiocordyceps lloydii binata	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018
Fungus	Ophiocordyceps rami	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018
Fungus	Ophiocordyceps rami	Parasitoid		Shrestha et al. 2017; Araujo et al., 2018
Fungus	Ophiocordyceps septa	Parasitoid		Shrestha et al. 2017; Araujo et al., 2018
Fungus	Ophiocordyceps septa	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018
Fungus	Ophiocordyceps unilateralis	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018
Fungus	Stilbella burmensis	Parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018
Fungus	Torrubiella formicarum	Parasitoid	Ghana	Samson, et al., 1989

All Associate Records for Genus

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Taxon	Relationship	Associate Type	Associate Taxon	Associate Relationship	Locality	Source	Notes
Camponotus	associate (details unknown)	encyrtid wasp	Arketypon vaderi	associate (details unknown)		Quevillon, 2018
Camponotus	associate (details unknown)	eulophid wasp	Horismenus microdonophagus	associate (details unknown)		Quevillon, 2018
Camponotus	associate (details unknown)	eulophid wasp	Pediobius acraconae	associate (details unknown)		Quevillon, 2018
Camponotus	associate (details unknown)	fungus	Gibellula formicarium	associate (details unknown)		Quevillon, 2018
Camponotus	host	braconid wasp	Elasmosoma berolinense	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus	host	cricket	Myrmecophilus arboreus	myrmecophile	New Guinea
Camponotus	host	cricket	Myrmecophilus baronii	myrmecophile	Mediterranean region	Stalling & Cassar, 2020
Camponotus	host	encyrtid wasp	Arketypon vaderi	parasite		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	associate
Camponotus	host	eucharitid wasp	Ancylotropus manipurensis	parasite		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	primary host
Camponotus	host	eucharitid wasp	Ancylotropus manipurensis	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus	host	eucharitid wasp	Lophyrocera variabilis	parasite		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	primary host
Camponotus	host	eucharitid wasp	Lophyrocera variabilis	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus	host	eucharitid wasp	Mateucharis rugulosa	parasite		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	primary host
Camponotus	host	eucharitid wasp	Mateucharis rugulosa	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus	host	eucharitid wasp	Pseudochalcura americana	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode secondary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus	host	eucharitid wasp	Pseudochalcura gibbosa	parasite		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	primary host
Camponotus	host	eucharitid wasp	Pseudochalcura nigrocyanea	parasite		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	associate
Camponotus	host	eucharitid wasp	Pseudochalcura nigrocyanea	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode secondary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus	host	eucharitid wasp	Rhipipalloidea madangensis	parasite		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	primary host
Camponotus	host	eucharitid wasp	Rhipipalloidea madangensis	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus	host	eucharitid wasp	Rhipipalloidea sp.	parasite		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	primary host
Camponotus	host	eucharitid wasp	Rhipipalloidea sp.	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus	host	eucharitid wasp	Stilbula cyniformis	parasite		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	primary host
Camponotus	host	eucharitid wasp	Stilbula cyniformis	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus	host	eucharitid wasp	Stilbuloida doddi	parasite		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	primary host
Camponotus	host	eucharitid wasp	Stilbuloida doddi	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus	host	eucharitid wasp	Zulucharis campbelli	parasite		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	primary host
Camponotus	host	eucharitid wasp	Zulucharis campbelli	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus	host	eulophid wasp	Horismenus microdonophagus	parasite		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	associate
Camponotus	host	eulophid wasp	Horismenus myrmecophagus	parasite		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	primary host
Camponotus	host	eulophid wasp	Horismenus myrmecophagus	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus	host	eurytomid wasp	Camponotophilus delvarei	parasite		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	associate
Camponotus	host	fungus	Beauveria bassiana	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest
Camponotus	host	fungus	Laboulbenia camponoti	parasite		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest
Camponotus	host	fungus	Ophiocordyceps acerosa	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus	host	fungus	Ophiocordyceps albacongiuae	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus	host	fungus	Ophiocordyceps albacongiuae	pathogen		Araujo et al., 2018
Camponotus	host	fungus	Ophiocordyceps blakebarnesii	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus	host	fungus	Ophiocordyceps blakebarnesii	pathogen		Araujo et al., 2018
Camponotus	host	fungus	Ophiocordyceps irangiensis	pathogen	Asia, North and South America	Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus	host	fungus	Ophiocordyceps japonensis	pathogen	Asia, North and South America	Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus	host	fungus	Ophiocordyceps lloydii binata	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus	host	fungus	Ophiocordyceps lloydii binata	pathogen	Asia, North and South America	Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus	host	fungus	Ophiocordyceps rami	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus	host	fungus	Ophiocordyceps rami	pathogen		Shrestha et al. 2017; Araujo et al., 2018
Camponotus	host	fungus	Ophiocordyceps septa	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus	host	fungus	Ophiocordyceps septa	pathogen		Shrestha et al. 2017; Araujo et al., 2018
Camponotus	host	fungus	Ophiocordyceps unilateralis	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus	host	fungus	Stilbella burmensis	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus	host	fungus	Torrubiella formicarum	pathogen	Ghana	Samson, et al., 1989
Camponotus	host	mite	Petalomium heterotrichus	phoretic or nest inhabitant	Iran	Da Silva et al., 2025	mite probably fungivorous
Camponotus	host	mite	Petalomium krczali	phoretic or nest inhabitant	United States	Da Silva et al., 2025	mite probably fungivorous
Camponotus	host	mite	Petalomium rarus	phoretic or nest inhabitant	Iran	Da Silva et al., 2025	mite probably fungivorous
Camponotus	host	nematode	Steinerema carpocapsae	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus	host	phorid fly	Apocephalus coquilletti	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus	host	phorid fly	Apocephalus crucicauda	parasite		phorid.net	attacked
Camponotus	host	phorid fly	Apocephalus crucicauda	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus	host	phorid fly	Apocephalus similis	parasite		phorid.net	attacked
Camponotus	host	phorid fly	Apocephalus similis	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus	host	phorid fly	Diocophora appretiata	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus	host	phorid fly	Diocophora disparifrons	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus	host	phorid fly	Rhyncophoromyia gymnopleura	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus	host	silverfish	Afrolepisma tragardhi	generalist obligate myrmecophile (uncertain)	South Africa	Irish (2018), Molero‑Baltanás et al. (2025)
Camponotus	host	silverfish	Ctenolepisma (Sceletolepisma) terebrans	occasional nidicolous guest	Namibia	Irish (1987), Molero‑Baltanás et al. (2025)
Camponotus	host	silverfish	Grassiella aepsera	nidicolous guest (uncertain)	Brazil	Wygodzinsky (1958a), Molero‑Baltanás et al. (2025)
Camponotus	host	silverfish	Lepisma chlorosoma	generalist facultative myrmecophile	Spain	Molero-Baltanás et al. (2017), Molero‑Baltanás et al. (2025)
Camponotus	host	silverfish	Lepisma chlorosoma	generalist facultative myrmecophile	Portugal	Mendes (2002c), Molero‑Baltanás et al. (2025)
Camponotus	host	silverfish	Neoasterolepisma curtiseta	generalist obligate myrmecophile	Morocco	Mendes (1988a), Molero‑Baltanás et al. (2025)
Camponotus	host	silverfish	Neoasterolepisma sorenseni	specialist obligate myrmecophile	Spain	Molero-Baltanás et al. (1994), Molero‑Baltanás et al. (2025)
Camponotus	host	silverfish	Tricholepisma zulu	generalist obligate myrmecophile (uncertain)	South Africa	Irish (2018), Molero‑Baltanás et al. (2025)	''Camponotus'' sp. (cf. ''maculatus'')
Camponotus	host	strepsipteran	Apocephalus conecitonis	parasite		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus	host	strepsipteran	Apocephalus paraponerae	parasite		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus	prey	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon piperi	predator		Quevillon, 2018
Camponotus	prey	tiger beetle	Cicindela limbalis	predator	United States	Valenti & Gaimari, 2000; Polidori et al., 2020
Camponotus	prey	tiger beetle	Cicindela scutellaris lecontei	predator	United States	Valenti & Gaimari, 2000; Polidori et al., 2020
Camponotus aberrans	host	fungus	Ophiocordyceps unilateralis	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus aberrans	host	fungus	Ophiocordyceps unilateralis	pathogen	Africa	Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus acvapimensis	host	encyrtid wasp	Anagyrus lopezi	parasite		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	associate
Camponotus acvapimensis	host	milichiid fly	Milichia savannaticola	myrmecophile		Demming, 1981; Yusah & Fayle, 2014	details of interaction uncertain
Camponotus acvapimensis	host	phorid fly	Microselia deemingi	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus acvapimensis	mutualist	psyllid	Diaphorina enderleini	trophobiont	Cameroon, Ethiopia	Aléné et al., 2011
Camponotus aethiops	host	ant	Camponotus universitatis	inquiline		Tinaut et al., 1992; Guillem et al., 2014
Camponotus aethiops	host	eucharitid wasp	Stilbula cyniformis	parasite		Universal Chalcidoidea Database; Heraty, 2002; Park et al., 2023	primary host
Camponotus aethiops	host	eucharitid wasp	Stilbula cyniformis	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus aethiops	host	fungus	Laboulbenia camponoti	pathogen		Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Camponotus aethiops	host	mite	Petalomium gottrauxi	phoretic or nest inhabitant	Crimea	Da Silva et al., 2017; Da Silva et al., 2025	mite probably fungivorous
Camponotus aethiops	host	nematode	Camponotimermis bifidus	parasite		Ipateva et al., 1990
Camponotus aethiops	host	nematode	Comanimermis clujensis	parasite		Coman, 1953
Camponotus aethiops	host	silverfish	Neoasterolepisma curtiseta	generalist obligate myrmecophile	Spain	Molero-Baltanás et al. (2017), Molero‑Baltanás et al. (2025)
Camponotus aethiops	host	silverfish	Neoasterolepisma wasmanni	specialist obligate myrmecophile (uncertain)	Spain	Molero-Baltanás et al. (1996), Molero‑Baltanás et al. (2025)
Camponotus aethiops	host	silverfish	Proatelurina pseudolepisma	generalist obligate myrmecophile	Italy	Mendes & Bach (1981), Molero‑Baltanás et al. (2025)
Camponotus aethiops	host	silverfish	Proatelurina pseudolepisma	generalist obligate myrmecophile	Italy (Sicily)	Grassi & Rovelli (1890), Molero‑Baltanás et al. (2025)
Camponotus aethiops	host	silverfish	Proatelurina pseudolepisma	generalist obligate myrmecophile	Spain	Molero-Baltanás et al. (1998), Molero‑Baltanás et al. (2025)
Camponotus aethiops	host	silverfish	Proatelurina pseudolepisma	generalist obligate myrmecophile	Greece	Silvestri (1908c), Molero‑Baltanás et al. (2025)
Camponotus aethiops	mutualist	aphid	Aphis brotericola	trophobiont		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus aethiops	mutualist	aphid	Aphis fabae	trophobiont		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus aethiops	mutualist	aphid	Aphis salviae	trophobiont		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus aethiops	mutualist	aphid	Brachcaudus helicrysi	trophobiont		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus aethiops	mutualist	aphid	Brachycaudus cardui	trophobiont		Özdemir et al., 2008; Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus aethiops	mutualist	aphid	Lachnus roboris	trophobiont		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019

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Flight Period

All Flight Records for Genus

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Taxon	Month	Source	Notes
Camponotus aethiops	Jun • Jul • Aug	antkeeping.info
Camponotus americanus	Apr • May • Jun	antkeeping.info
Camponotus anthrax	May	antkeeping.info
Camponotus atriceps	May • Jun • Jul	Kaspari et al., 2001
Camponotus auriventris	Apr	antkeeping.info
Camponotus caryae	Apr • May	antkeeping.info
Camponotus castaneus	Mar • Apr • May • Jun • Jul • Aug • Sep	[https://trapjawlabs.com/education/care/camponotus-castaneus TrapJaw Labs' ''Camponotus castaneus'' care guide] and [https://www.inaturalist.org/projects/ant-nuptials-na Ant Nuptials NA]
Camponotus chromaiodes	Mar • Apr • May • Jun • Jul	antkeeping.info
Camponotus cingulatus	May • Jun • Nov	Kaspari et al., 2001
Camponotus claviscapus	May • Jun • Jul • Aug • Sep	Kaspari et al., 2001
Camponotus consobrinus	Jan • Dec	antkeeping.info
Camponotus cruentatus	May • Jun	antkeeping.info
Camponotus curviscapus	May • Jun • Jul	Kaspari et al., 2001
Camponotus dalmaticus	Apr • May	antkeeping.info
Camponotus decipiens	May	antkeeping.info
Camponotus essigi	May	antkeeping.info
Camponotus fallax	May • Jun	antkeeping.info
Camponotus floridanus	Apr • May • Jun • Jul • Aug • Sep	antkeeping.info
Camponotus fragilis	Jul • Aug	antkeeping.info
Camponotus herculeanus	May • Jun • Jul	Aibek & Yamane (2009); antkeeping.info
Camponotus hyatti	Mar • Apr • May	antkeeping.info
Camponotus inaequalis	Mar	antkeeping.info	as ''Camponotus tortuganus'' (March)
Camponotus japonicus	May • Jun	Abe, 1973	Japan
Camponotus laevigatus	Mar	antkeeping.info
Camponotus laevissimus	Apr • May	antkeeping.info
Camponotus lateralis	Apr	antkeeping.info
Camponotus ligniperda	May • Jun	antkeeping.info
Camponotus modoc	Apr • May • Jun • Jul	antkeeping.info	Washington (May)
Camponotus nawai	Aug		Japan
Camponotus nearcticus	Apr • May • Jun	antkeeping.info
Camponotus nicobarensis	Apr	antkeeping.info
Camponotus novaeboracensis	Apr • May • Jun • Jul	antkeeping.info	Washington (May)
Camponotus novogranadensis	Jun • Jul • Aug • Sep • Oct • Nov • Dec	Kaspari et al., 2001
Camponotus obscuripes	May • Jun • Jul • Aug		in Japan, May to June in lowlands, and until August in the mountains
Camponotus ocreatus	Mar • Apr	antkeeping.info
Camponotus pennsylvanicus	Apr • May • Jun • Jul
Camponotus piceus	May • Jun • Jul	antkeeping.info
Camponotus planatus	May • Jun	antkeeping.info
Camponotus sanctaefidei	May • Jun • Jul • Aug • Sep • Oct • Nov	Kaspari et al., 2001
Camponotus sansabeanus	Mar • Apr • May	antkeeping.info
Camponotus saxatilis	Jul • Aug	Aibek & Yamane (2009)
Camponotus semitestaceus	Mar	antkeeping.info
Camponotus sexguttatus	Apr	antkeeping.info
Camponotus socius	May	antkeeping.info
Camponotus subbarbatus	Apr • May • Jun	antkeeping.info
Camponotus substitutus	Oct • Nov	antkeeping.info
Camponotus suffusus	Mar	antkeeping.info
Camponotus texanus	Mar
Camponotus turkestanus	Apr • May • Jun	antkeeping.info
Camponotus vagus	Apr • May • Jun	antkeeping.info
Camponotus vicinus	Mar • Apr • May • Jun • Jul	antkeeping.info
Camponotus yamaokai	May		Japan
Camponotus yogi	Sep	antkeeping.info

Life History and Ecology Traits

Caste Traits

Queen Number	Queen Type	Queen Mating Frequency	Male Type	Worker Caste	Worker Produced Males	Pupal Cocoon
				polymorphic		present

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Colony Traits

Colony Type	Mean Colony Size	Maximum Colony Size	Compound Colony Type	Colony Founding	Colony Founding Queen Number	Nest Site
	1000-100000+		free living • inquiline			hypogaeic • arboreal cavity

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Feeding Traits

Diet Category	Diet	Foraging Stratum	Foraging Behaviour	Activity Time
omnivore		epigaeic • arboreal • leaf litter	cooperative	diurnal, nocturnal

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Castes

Morphology

Worker Morphology

Antennal segment count: 12
Antennal club: absent-gradual
Palp formula: 6,4; 5,4
Total dental count: 4-9
Spur formula: 1 simple, 1 simple; 1 simple-barbulate, 1 simple-pectinate; 1 simple-pectinate, 1 simple-pectinate; 0, 0
Eyes: >100
Scrobes: absent
Pronotal spines: absent
Mesonotal spines: absent
Propodeal spines: absent
Petiolar spines: absent
Sting: absent
Metaplural gland: absent; present

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Male Morphology

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Perfilieva (2022) - Wings: Forewings with a closed 3r cell. The 1 + 2r cell is medium-sized, no longer than 3r. The radiomedial and mediocubital cells are absent. 1RS and 1M form a single straight line and are approximately equal in length. RS + M, which boundsthe 1 + 2r cell, is smoothly curved and practically does not have an S-shaped bend. The second cubitanal cell is not formed.

Karyotype

Species Uncertain

Camponotus (Myrmobrachys) sp.: 2n = 40, karyotype = 4M+36A+13B (Brazil) (Mariano et al., 2001) (variation observed for 2n=41-43 due B-chromsomes).
Camponotus sp.(ANIC-1): n = 23, 2n = 46 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
Camponotus sp.(ANIC-2): n = 23 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
Camponotus sp.(ANIC-3): 2n = 48 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
Camponotus sp.(ANIC-5): 2n = 32 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
Camponotus sp.(ANIC-8): 2n = 32 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
Camponotus sp.(ANIC-9): 2n = 38 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
Camponotus sp.(ANIC-10): 2n = 46 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
Camponotus sp.(ANIC-11): 2n = 32 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
Camponotus sp.(ANIC-12): 2n = 38 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
Camponotus sp.(ANIC-13): n = 10, 2n = 20 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
Camponotus sp.(ANIC-14): n = 19, 2n = 38 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
Camponotus sp.1: 2n = 39 (Indonesia) (Imai et al., 1985) (mentined as a result of Robertsonian polymorphism).
Camponotus sp.1: n = 9, 2n = 18 (Japan) (Imai & Kubota, 1972) ('Myrmamblys group).
Camponotus sp.1: 2n = 38 (Indonesia) (Imai et al., 1985).
Camponotus sp.1: n = 19 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
Camponotus sp.1: 2n = 40 (Sarawak) (Tjan et al., 1986).
Camponotus sp.2: 2n = 38 (Indonesia) (Imai et al., 1985).
Camponotus sp.2: n = 20, 2n = 40 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982; Imai et al., 1983).
Camponotus sp.2: 2n = 20 (Sarawak) (Tjan et al., 1986).
Camponotus sp.3: 2n = 38 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
Camponotus sp.4: n = 18, 2n = 36 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
Camponotus sp.5: n = 20, 2n = 40 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
Camponotus sp.6: 2n = 44 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
Camponotus sp.7: 2n = 32, karyotype = 10M+22A (India) (Imai et al., 1984) (near C. variegatus).
Camponotus sp.7: n = 20 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
Camponotus sp.8: 2n = 38 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
Camponotus sp.8: 2n = 39 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
Camponotus sp.9: 2n = 34 (India) (Imai et al., 1984) (near C. variegatus).
Camponotus sp.9: 2n = 35 (India) (Imai et al., 1984) (near C. variegatus).
Camponotus sp.9: 2n = 40 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
Camponotus sp.10: 2n = 20, karyotype = 20M (India) (Imai et al., 1984) (near C. infuscus).
Camponotus sp.10: n = 13 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
Camponotus sp.10: n = 14 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
Camponotus sp.11: 2n = 52 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
Camponotus sp.12: 2n = 34, karyotype = 10M+24A (India) (Imai et al., 1984) (near C. variegatus).
Camponotus sp.12: 2n = 18 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
Camponotus sp.13: 2n = 18 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
Camponotus: n = 26, 2n = 52 (USA) (Crozier, 1970b) ('C. impressus group).
Camponotus: 2n = 20 (Taiwan) (Hung et al., 1972) ('C. variegatus complex).
Camponotus: n = 9, 2n = 18 (Japan) (Imai, 1966; Imai & Yosida, 1964).

All Karyotype Records for Genus

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Taxon	Haploid	Diploid	Karyotype	Locality	Source	Notes
Camponotus		18		Malaysia	Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus		20		Sarawak	Tjan et al., 1986
Camponotus		20		Taiwan	Hung et al., 1972	'C. variegatus'' complex
Camponotus		20	20M	India	Imai et al., 1984	near ''C. infuscus''
Camponotus		32		Australia	Imai et al., 1977
Camponotus		32	10M+22A	India	Imai et al., 1984	near ''C. variegatus''
Camponotus		34		India	Imai et al., 1984	near ''C. variegatus''
Camponotus		34	10M+24A	India	Imai et al., 1984	near ''C. variegatus''
Camponotus		35		India	Imai et al., 1984	near ''C. variegatus''
Camponotus		38		Australia	Imai et al., 1977
Camponotus		38		Indonesia	Imai et al., 1985
Camponotus		38		Malaysia	Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus		38		Malaysia	Goni et al., 1982
Camponotus		39		Indonesia	Imai et al., 1985	mentined as a result of Robertsonian polymorphism
Camponotus		39		Malaysia	Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus		40		Malaysia	Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus		40		Sarawak	Tjan et al., 1986
Camponotus		40	4M+36A+13B	Brazil	Mariano et al., 2001	variation observed for 2n=41-43 due B-chromsomes
Camponotus		44		Malaysia	Goni et al., 1982
Camponotus		46		Australia	Imai et al., 1977
Camponotus		48		Australia	Imai et al., 1977
Camponotus		52		Malaysia	Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus	10	20		Australia	Imai et al., 1977
Camponotus	13			Malaysia	Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus	14			Malaysia	Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus	18	36		Malaysia	Goni et al., 1982
Camponotus	19			Malaysia	Goni et al., 1982
Camponotus	19	38		Australia	Imai et al., 1977
Camponotus	20			Malaysia	Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus	20	40		Malaysia	Goni et al., 1982
Camponotus	20	40		Malaysia	Goni et al., 1982; Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus	23			Australia	Imai et al., 1977
Camponotus	23	46		Australia	Imai et al., 1977
Camponotus	26	52		USA	Crozier, 1970b	'C. impressus'' group
Camponotus	9	18		Japan	Imai & Kubota, 1972	'Myrmamblys'' group
Camponotus	9	18		Japan	Imai, 1966; Imai & Yosida, 1964
Camponotus aethiops		42		France; old Yugoslavia	Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983
Camponotus alii		42		Spain	Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983	Lorite and Palomeque 2010 states some issues about the identification/sampling location
Camponotus atriceps	20	40	4M+36A, 4SM+34ST+2A	Brazil	Mariano et al., 2001; Aguiar et al., 2017; Teixeira et al., 2020
Camponotus balzani	20	40	6M+34A	Brazil	Mariano et al., 2001
Camponotus barbatus taylori		24	24A	India	Imai et al., 1984	as ''Camponotus taylori''
Camponotus bonariensis		40	8M+32A	Uruguay	Goni et al., 1983
Camponotus cameroni		36		Brazil	Damasceno et al., 2024
Camponotus cingulatus	20	40	4M+36A	Brazil	Mariano et al., 2001; Aguiar et al., 2017
Camponotus compressus	10 • 20	40		India; Tunisia	Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983; Kumbkarni, 1965	Lorite and Palomeque 2010 states some issues about the identification/sampling location
Camponotus consobrinus	23	46		Australia	Imai et al., 1977
Camponotus crassisquamis		39 • 40	39A+1M; 40A	India	Imai et al., 1984	Lorite and Palomeque 2010 states the presence of heteromorphic chromosome in 2n=39
Camponotus crassus	10	20	20M	Brazil	Aguiar et al., 2016; Mariano et al., 2001
Camponotus cruentatus	18 • 20		12SM+5ST+3T	Spain	Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983; Lorite et al., 2002b
Camponotus dolendus		20	20M	India	Imai et al., 1984
Camponotus femoratus		44	4ST+40T	French Guiana	Mariano et al., 2011
Camponotus festinus	19	38		Malaysia	Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus foreli	17	34		Spain	Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983
Camponotus japonicus	13 • 14	26		Japan	Imai, 1966; Imai, 1969; Imai & Kubota, 1972; Imai & Yosida, 1964	In Imai et al. 1966 as ''Camponotus'' sp.; Lorite and Palomeque 2010 states that this karyotype could be a mistake
Camponotus kiusiuensis		28		Japan	Imai & Yosida, 1964; Imai, 1969; Imai, 1969
Camponotus lateralis		28		Switzerland	Hauschteck, 1962
Camponotus ligniperda	14	28		Switzerland	Hauschteck, 1961; Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983
Camponotus mitis		20	20M	India	Imai et al., 1984
Camponotus mus		26	16SM+10A	Uruguay	Goni et al., 1983
Camponotus obscuripes		28		Japan	Imai, 1969
Camponotus parius		40	40A	India	Imai et al., 1984
Camponotus pilicornis		50		Spain	Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983
Camponotus punctulatus		40	2SM+2ST+36A	Uruguay	Goni et al., 1983
Camponotus renggeri	20		2SM+17ST+1A	French Guiana	Barros et al., 2021
Camponotus renggeri	20	40	2SM + 17TS + 1T	Brazil	Aguiar et al., 2017; Vieira & Santana, 2020
Camponotus rufipes	19 • 20	39 • 40	2SM+2ST+36A; 3M+36A; 4M+36A	Brazil; Uruguay	Aguiar et al., 2017; Goni et al., 1983; Mariano et al., 2001	Lorite and Palomeque 2010 states the presence of heteromorphic chromosome in 2n=39
Camponotus rufoglaucus	18			Spain; Tunisia	Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983	Lorite and Palomeque 2010 states some issues about the identification/sampling location
Camponotus sericeiventris		40	4M+36A	Brazil	Mariano et al., 2001
Camponotus sericeus		44	2M+42A	India	Imai et al., 1984
Camponotus sylvaticus	20	40		Greece; Spain	Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983
Camponotus thraso		40	40A	India	Imai et al., 1984
Camponotus vagus		28		Switzerland	Hauschteck, 1961
Camponotus variegatus		26	20M+6A	India	Imai et al., 1984
Camponotus vitiosus	9	18		Japan	Imai, 1966; Imai, 1969; Imai & Kubota, 1972	In Imai 1966a as ''Camponotus'' sp. and in Imai 1969 as ''C. caryae'' group sp. but the authors correct the identification by ''C. tokioensis'' and the current valid name is ''C. vitiosus''

See additional details at the Ant Chromosome Database.

Explore: Show all Karyotype data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

Phylogeny

See Phylogeny for details regarding the relationship of this taxon to others.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

CAMPONOTUS‎ [Formicinae: Camponotini]
- Camponotus Mayr, 1861: 35. Type-species: Formica ligniperda Latreille, 1802c: 88, by subsequent designation of Bingham, 1903: 347.

Taxonomic History

[Type-species not Formica herculeana Linnaeus, 1758: 579, unjustified subsequent designation by Forel, 1914a: 259; repeated by Arnold, 1922: 612.]
Camponotus in Formicinae: Mayr, 1861: 35 [Formicidae]; Mayr, 1862: 652 (in key) [Formicidae]; Mayr, 1865: 6 [Formicidae]; Mayr, 1868b: 26 [Formicidae]; Dours, 1873: 164 [Formicidae]; Forel, 1874: 37 [Formicidae].
Camponotus in Camponotinae: Forel, 1878: 367 [Camponotidae]; Emery & Forel, 1879: 447 [Camponotidae]; Forel, 1892j: 223 [Camponotidae]; Dalla Torre, 1893: 219 [Camponotinae]; Emery, 1896e: 188 [Camponotinae].
Camponotus in Camponotinae, Camponotini: Forel, 1886f: 141; Forel, 1893a: 165; Forel, 1895b: 101; Emery, 1895j: 772; Forel, 1899c: 130; Ashmead, 1905b: 384; Wheeler, W.M. 1910g: 144; Forel, 1912i: 89; Wheeler, W.M. 1915h: 138; Emery, 1916b: 222; Forel, 1917: 250; Arnold, 1922: 610.
Camponotus in Formicinae, Formica genus group: Agosti, 1991: 295.
Camponotus in Formicinae, Camponotini: Bondroit, 1918: 65; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 703; Emery, 1925b: 59; subsequent authors; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 18; Brandão, 1991: 332; Bolton, 1995b: 23; Bolton, 2003: 27, 112; Ward, Blaimer & Fisher, 2016: 345.
Camponotus as subgenus of Formica: Smith, F. 1871a: 306.
Camponotus as genus: all authors except Smith, F. 1871a: 306.
Camponotus as senior synonym of †Paleosminthurus: Snelling, R.R. (pers. comm. to B. Bolton, 2004). [Synonymy remained unpublished at his death in 2008, but is accepted provisionally here.]
Camponotus as senior synonym of Dolophra: Bolton, 1995b: 23; Ward & Boudinot, 2021: 44.
Subgenera of Camponotus (alphabetical order with junior synonyms indicated): nominal plus Dendromyrmex,‎ Forelophilus, Hypercolobopsis‎ (= Neocolobopsis), Karavaievia, Manniella, Mayria‎ (= Myrmepinotus), Myrmacrhaphe, Myrmamblys, Myrmaphaenus‎ (= Neomyrmamblys, = Paracolobopsis), Myrmentoma, Myrmepomis‎ (= Myrmolophus), Myrmespera, Myrmeurynota, Myrmisolepis, Myrmobrachys, Myrmocladoecus, Myrmodirachis, Myrmomalis, Myrmonesites‎ (= Myrmensites), Myrmopalpella, Myrmopelta, Myrmophyma‎ (= Myrmocamelus), Myrmopiromis, Myrmoplatypus, Myrmoplatys, Myrmopsamma, Myrmosaga‎ (= Myrmopytia), Myrmosaulus, Myrmosericus, Myrmosphincta, Myrmostenus, Myrmotarsus, Myrmothrix, Myrmotrema, Myrmoxygenys, Orthonotomyrmex‎ (= Orthonotus (junior homonym)), Paramyrmamblys, Phasmomoyrmex ‎(= Myrmacantha, = Myrmorhachis), Pseudocolobopsis, Rhinomyrmex, Tanaemyrmex‎ (= Myrmoturba), Thlipsepinotus‎.
[Notes (i): all subgenera were given as provisional junior synonyms of Camponotus by Brown, 1973b: 179-185. The list was repeated by Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 18, and Tang, J., Li, et al. 1995: 112, with all subgenera listed as junior synonyms. They reverted to subgeneric status in Brandão, 1991: 330 (Neotropical), Bolton, 1994: 50 (world), and Bolton, 2003: 113 (world). The entry of Myrmophyma and Thlipsepinotus under the synonymy of Camponotus by Taylor & Brown, 1985: 109, is not accepted as confirmation as not all taxa were included; (ii) the subgeneric classification is retained here pending formal revision. While some subgenera appear monophyletic it is clear that several are patently artificial, including the largest subgenus, Tanaemyrmex; (iii) world lists of species in C. (Camponotus): Forel, 1914a: 266; Emery, 1920b: 255; Emery, 1925b: 71; Bolton, 1995b: 130.]
Distribution: Worldwide; (+ †fossil taxon Russia, Oligocene).
Camponotus references:
Catalogues, World: Mayr, 1863: 397; Roger, 1863b: 1; Dalla Torre, 1893: 219 (Rhinomyrmex, Mayria, Camponotus); Emery, 1896d: 768; Emery, 1898a: 225 (additions to 1896d); Emery, 1925b: 59 (by subgenus, listed below); Bolton, 1995b: 83, 169, 316 (Camponotus, Dendromyrmex, Phasmomyrmex).
Catalogues, Regional & National: Emery & Forel, 1879: 447 (Europe); Cresson, 1887: 255 (U.S.A); Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 948, 1039 (Afrotropical, Malagasy); Chapman & Capco, 1951: 220 (Asia); Smith, M.R. 1951a: 839 (North America); Kempf, 1972a: 42, 95 (Neotropical Camponotus, Dendromyrmex); Smith, D.R. 1979: 1424 (North America); Taylor & Brown, 1985: 109 (Australia); Taylor, 1987a: 10, 16 (Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand); Brandão, 1991: 332 (Neotropical).
Catalogues by Subgenus: Emery, 1896d: 378 (Dendromyrmex); Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 992 (Phasmomyrmex); Emery, 1925b: 57, 58 (Phasmomyrmex, P. (Myrmorhachis), P. (Myrmacantha)); Emery, 1925b: 69 (C. (Dinomyrmex)); Emery, 1925b: 70 (C. (Myrmoxygenys), C. (Myrmopsamma)); Emery, 1925b: 71 (C. (Camponotus)); Emery, 1925b: 75 (C. (Tanaemyrmex)); Emery, 1925b: 104 (C. (Myrmosericus)); Emery, 1925b: 107 (C. (Myrmothrix)); Emery, 1925b: 109 (C. (Myrmophyma)); Emery, 1925b: 112 (C. (Myrmosaulus)); Emery, 1925b: 114 (C. (Myrmopytia)); Emery, 1925b: 115 (C. (Karavaievia)); Emery, 1925b: 116 (C. (Myrmentoma)); Emery, 1925b: 121 (C. (Mayria)); Emery, 1925b: 123 (C. (Myrmonesites)); Emery, 1925b: 124 (C. (Orthonotomyrmex)); Emery, 1925b: 126 (C. (Myrmepinotus)); Emery, 1925b: 127 (C. (Myrmopiromis)); Emery, 1925b: 130 (C. (Myrmotrema)); Emery, 1925b: 133 (C. (Myrmisolepis)); Emery, 1925b: 134 (C. (Myrmotarsus)); Emery, 1925b: 135 (C. (Myrmoplatys)); Emery, 1925b: 136 (C. (Myrmamblys)); Emery, 1925b: 142 (C. (Rhinomyrmex)); Emery, 1925b: 151 (C. (Myrmosphincta)); Emery, 1925b: 152 (C. (Myrmaphaenus)); Emery, 1925b: 157 (C. (Pseudocolobopsis)); Emery, 1925b: 159 (C. (Manniella)); Emery, 1925b: 160 (C. (Hypercolobopsis)); Emery, 1925b: 161 (C. (Myrmostenus), C. (Myrmobrachys)); Emery, 1925b: 166 (C. (Myrmocladoecus)); Emery, 1925b: 167 (C. (Myrmeurynota)); Emery, 1925b: 168 (C. (Myrmodirachis)); Emery, 1925b: 169 (C. (Myrmomalis), C. (Myrmoplatypus)); Emery, 1925b: 170 (C. (Myrmepomis)); Emery, 1925b: 172 (Dendromyrmex)).
Diagnoses of Genus: Mayr, 1865: 6; Forel, 1878: 367; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 232; Arnold, 1922: 610; Emery, 1925b: 59; Bernard, 1967: 330; Fisher & Bolton, 2016: 224; Ward, Blaimer & Fisher, 2016: 341; Ramamonjisoa, et al. 2024: 316 (Malagasy, males).
Diagnoses of Subgenera: Forel, 1914a: 259, 266; Emery, 1920b: 235; Wheeler, W.M. 1921a: 16; Santschi, 1921f: 310; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 704; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 992 (Phasmomyrmex); Emery, 1925b: 57, 58 (Phasmomyrmex, P. (Myrmorhachis), P. (Myrmacantha)); Emery, 1925b: 69 (C. (Dinomyrmex)); Emery, 1925b: 70 (C. (Myrmoxygenys), C. (Myrmopsamma)); Emery, 1925b: 71 (C. (Camponotus)); Emery, 1925b: 75 (C. (Tanaemyrmex)); Emery, 1925b: 104 (C. (Myrmosericus)); Emery, 1925b: 107 (C. (Myrmothrix)); Emery, 1925b: 109 (C. (Myrmophyma)); Emery, 1925b: 112 (C. (Myrmosaulus)); Emery, 1925b: 114 (C. (Myrmopytia)); Emery, 1925b: 115 (C. (Karavaievia)); Emery, 1925b: 116 (C. (Myrmentoma)); Emery, 1925b: 121 (C. (Mayria)); Emery, 1925b: 123 (C. (Myrmonesites)); Emery, 1925b: 124 (C. (Orthonotomyrmex)); Emery, 1925b: 126 (C. (Myrmepinotus)); Emery, 1925b: 127 (C. (Myrmopiromis)); Emery, 1925b: 130 (C. (Myrmotrema)); Emery, 1925b: 133 (C. (Myrmisolepis)); Emery, 1925b: 134 (C. (Myrmotarsus)); Emery, 1925b: 135 (C. (Myrmoplatys)); Emery, 1925b: 136 (C. (Myrmamblys)); Emery, 1925b: 142 (C. (Rhinomyrmex)); Emery, 1925b: 151 (C. (Myrmosphincta)); Emery, 1925b: 152 (C. (Myrmaphaenus)); Emery, 1925b: 157 (C. (Pseudocolobopsis)); Emery, 1925b: 159 (C. (Manniella)); Emery, 1925b: 160 (C. (Hypercolobopsis)); Emery, 1925b: 161 (C. (Myrmostenus), C. (Myrmobrachys)); Emery, 1925b: 166 (C. (Myrmocladoecus)); Emery, 1925b: 167 (C. (Myrmeurynota)); Emery, 1925b: 168 (C. (Myrmodirachis)); Emery, 1925b: 169 (C. (Myrmomalis), C. (Myrmoplatypus)); Emery, 1925b: 170 (C. (Myrmepomis)); Emery, 1925b: 172 (Dendromyrmex); Santschi, 1926a: 16 (C. (Myrmopelta)); Fernández, 2002: 58 (C. (Dendromyrmex)); Zettel & Zimmermann, 2007: 19 (C (Forelophilus)); Fisher & Bolton, 2016: 362 (Phasmomyrmex); França, Cubillos, et al. 2024: (not paginated) (C. (Myrmobrachys)).
World & Regional Keys to all species:
NEW WORLD: Mackay, 2019: 24, 48 (subgenera, species complexes).
OLD WORLD: Emery, 1920c: 8 (C. maculatus group).
MALAGASY: Forel, 1891b: 71, 216; Rakotonirina, et al. 2016: 99 (C. edmondi group); Rakotonirina, et al. 2017: 215 (C. grandidieri, C. niveosetosus groups); Rasoamanana, et al. 2017: 130 (C. (Myrmopytia)); Rakotonirina & Fisher, 2018: 14 (Camponotus (Mayria)); Rasoamanana & Fisher, 2022. 145, 162 (C. (Mayria)); Rakotonirina & Fisher, 2022: 17, 21 (C. (Myrmosaga)).
NEARCTIC: Creighton, 1950a: 362.
PALAEARCTIC: Emery, 1908a: 183 (C. herculeanus, C. maculatus groups).
Species Group/ Subgenera Keys:# Subgenera:
Mayr, 1878: 869 (Dendromyrmex); Santschi, 1915c: 266 (C. (Myrmotrema)); Mann, 1916: 489 (Dendromyrmex); Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 703 (subgenera list); Emery, 1925b: 63 (subgenera key); Santschi, 1926a: 21 (C. (Myrmopelta)); Hashmi, 1973: 1 (C. (Myrmothrix)); Dumpert, 1986: 571 (C. (Karavaievia)); Snelling, R.R. 1988: 57 (C. (Myrmentoma) Nearctic); Dumpert, Maschwitz, Weissflog et al. 1995: 104 (C. (Karavaievia)); Mackay, 1997: 194 (C. (Myrmostenus)); Fernández, 2002: 58 (C. (Dendromyrmex)); Dumpert, Maschwitz & Weissflog, 2006: 77 (C. (Karavaievia)); Zettel & Zimmermann, 2007: 19 (C. (Forelophilus)) ; França, Cubillos, et al. 2024: (not paginated) (C. (Myrmobrachys)).# Species groups
Emery, 1903: 65 (C. novogranadensis group); Emery, 1920c: 8 (Palaearctic C. maculatus group).Emery, 1925a: 62 (C. lateralis group); Santschi, 1939d: 80 (North Africa C. compressus group); Yasumatsu & Brown, 1951: 29 (C. herculeanus complex); Yasumatsu & Brown, 1957: 45 (C. herculeanus complex); Baroni Urbani, 1972: 124 (C. maculatus group); McArthur & Adams, 1996: 18 (Australia C. nigriceps group Australia); Mackay & Mackay, 1997b: 319 (C. montivagus complex); Robertson & Zachariades, 1997: 2 (C. fulvopilosus group); Snelling, R.R. 2000: 607 (C. montivagus complex); McArthur & Shattuck, 2001: 27 (C. macrocephalus group); Shattuck & McArthur, 2002: 65 (C. wiederkehri group); Shattuck, 2005: 3 (C. aureopilus group); Snelling, R.R. 2006: 96 (U.S.A. C. festinatus complex); Andersen, 2007: 32 (Australia species groups); Shattuck & Janda, 2009: 252 (C. aureopilus group); Mackay & Delsinne, 2009: 496 (New World C. maculatus complex); Zettel, Balàka, et al. 2018: 129 (C. (Myrmamblys) inquilinus group); Salata, Loss, et al. 2019:89 (C. kiesenwetteri group); Mackay, 2019: 137 (New World C. (Camponotus)) ; França, Cubillos, et al. 2024: (not paginated) (C. (Myrmobrachys)).
Continent Based Keys:
ASIA: Menozzi, 1939a: 316 (Himalaya & Tibet); Radchenko, 1996b: 1195 (Asiatic Palaearctic).
EUROPE: Mayr, 1861: 35; André, 1874: 175; André, 1882a: 138 (& Algeria); Stitz, 1914: 94 (Central); Kratochvíl, 1941: 109 (Central); Novák & Sadil, 1941: 109 (Central); Bernard, 1967: 330 (Western); Collingwood, 1978: 90 (Iberian Peninsula); Collingwood, 1979: 87 (Fennoscandia & Denmark); Agosti & Collingwood, 1987b: 282 (Balkans); Seifert, 1996b: 170 (Central); Seifert, 2007: 152 (North & Central); Seiert, 2019b: 13 (C. lateralis group, Europe, Asia Minor, Caucasus); Salata, Khalili-Moghadam, et al. 2020: 547 (Turano-Balkan C. samius complex).
NORTH AMERICA: Emery, 1893i: 667; Wheeler, W.M. 1910d: 297; Hansen & Klotz, 2005: 75 (“Carpenter Ants”).
Country Based Keys: ARGENTINA: Kusnezov, 1952d: 192; ARMENIA: Arakelian, 1994: 82; AUSTRALIA: Mayr, 1876: 58; Andersen, 2007: 32 (species groups); McArthur, 2007a: 290; Heterick, 2009: 60 (South-Western); McArthur, 2010: 18 (South); McArthur, 2014: 24; Heterick, 2021: 69 (Western); BELGIUM: Bondroit, 1910: 486; Bondroit, 1918; van Boven, 1977: 130; BULGARIA: Atanasov & Dlussky, 1992: 207; CANADA: Provancher, 1887: 228; CHILE: Menozzi, 1935c: 330; Snelling & Hunt, 1976: 117; CHINA: Wang, C., Xiao & Wu, 1989a: 222; Wang, C. & Wu, 1994: 28; Wu, J. & Wang, 1995: 168; Zhou, 2001b: 200 (Guangxi); COLOMBIA: Mayr, 1870a: 373; Fernández & Ortiz-Sepúlveda, 2019: 732; Mackay & Mackay, 2019: 744; CUBA: Alayo, 1974: 27; CYPRUS: Salata, Demetriou, et al. 2023c: 29; EGYPT: Finzi, 1936: 190; FIJI IS: Sarnat & Economo, 2012: 44; FRANCE: Bondroit, 1918; GERMANY: Stitz, 1939: 236; Gösswald, 1985: 264; GREECE: Borowiec, L. & Salata, 2022: 58; INDIA: Forel, 1892j: 223; Bingham, 1903: 348; Karmaly & Narendran, 2006: 29; Dhadwal & Bharti, 2023d: 32; ISRAEL: Menozzi, 1933b: 81; Ionescu-Hirsch, 2010: 59; ITALY: Emery, 1916b: 228; JAPAN: Morisita, et al. 1991: 38; Terayama, 1991: 165 (C. (Paramyrmamblys)); Terayama, 1999b: 27; KYRGYZSTAN: Tarbinsky, 1976: 144; MADAGASCAR: Forel, 1891b: 71, 216; Rakotonirina, et al. 2016: 99 (C. edmondi group); Rakotonirina, et al. 2017: 215 (C. grandidieri, C. niveosetosus groups); Rasoamanana, et al. 2017: 130 (C. (Myrmopytia)); Rakotonirina & Fisher, 2018: 14 (Camponotus (Mayria)); Rasoamanana & Fisher, 2022. 145, 162 (C. (Mayria)); Rakotonirina & Fisher, 2022: 17, 21 (C. (Myrmosaga)); MONGOLIA: Aibek & Yamane, 2009: 98; Aibek, Ulzii, et al. 2024: 6; Aibek; MOROCCO: Cagniant, 1996b: 87; MYANMAR: Bingham, 1903: 348; NORTH KOREA: Radchenko, 2005b: 188; NORWAY: Holgersen, 1943b: 174; Holgersen, 1944: 199; POLAND: Pisarski, 1961a: 175; Czechowski, et al. 2002: 153; Czechowski, et al. 2012: 380; PORTUGAL: Collingwood & Prince, 1998: 24; PUERTO RICO: Snelling & Torres, 1998: 9; RUSSIA: Nasonov, 1889: 57; Ruzsky, 1905b: 185; Arnol'di, 1933b: 601; Arnol'di, 1967: 1817 (C. (Camponotus)); Arnol'di & Dlussky, 1978: 551 (European); Kupyanskaya, 1990: 164 (Far Eastern); Radchenko, 1994b: 116 (South Siberia); Kupyanskaya, 1995: 352 (Far Eastern); SAUDI ARABIA: Collingwood, 1985: 275; Collingwood & Agosti, 1996: 370; SOUTH AFRICA: Arnold, 1922: 619, 662, 673 (C. (Tanaemyrmex), C. (Myrmophyma), C. (Myrmopsamma)); Arnold, 1924: 683, 700, 709, 724, 735 (C. (Myrmosericus), C. (Myrmamblys), C. (Orthonotomyrmex), C. (Myrmotrema), C. (Myrmepomis)); SRI LANKA: Forel, 1892j: 223; Bingham, 1903: 348; SWEDEN: Douwes, 1995: 92; SWITZERLAND: Forel, 1874: 38; Kutter, 1977c: 191; TAIWAN: Terayama, 2009: 216; TURKEY: Karaman, C. et al. 2011: 191 (Kaz Mountains); Karaman & Aktaç, 2013: 49; TURKMENISTAN: Dlussky, et al. 1990: 125; UKRAINE: Karavaiev, 1927c: 275; Karavaiev, 1936: 175; Radchenko, 2016: 325; U.S.A.: Wheeler, W.M. 1916m: 600 (Connecticut); Cole, 1942: 387 (Utah); Buren, 1944a: 293 (Iowa); Gregg, 1963: 655 (Colorado); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1963: 163 (North Dakota); Allred, 1982: 445 (Utah); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1986g: 60 (Nevada); Mackay & Mackay, 2002: 248 (New Mexico); MacGown, et al. 2007: 9 (Southeast U.S.A.); VIRGIN IS: Snelling & Torres, 1998: 9.
Palaeontology: Mayr, 1868b: 27 (Baltic Amber species); Dlussky & Perfilieva, 2014: 419 (rock fossils); Dlussky & Putyatina, 2014: 249 (compression fossils).
Others: Emery, 1895j: 772 (synoptic classification); Emery, 1896d: 364, 370, 378 (classification, species groups, checklist); Forel, 1914a: 266 (species list by subgenus); Bolton, 1995a: 1048 (census); Dlussky, 1997: 55 (Baltic amber genera); Shattuck, 1999: 91 (Australia synopsis); Bolton, 2003: 112 (Camponotus synopsis); Bolton, 2003: 122 (Phasmomyrmex synopsis); Fisher & Bolton, 2016: 226 (Afrotropical, Malagasy checklist); Fisher & Bolton, 2016: 362 (Phasmomyrmex checklist).

DOLOPHRA [junior synonym of Camponotus]
- Dolophra Wu, J. & Wang, 1994: 35. Type-species: Dolophra politae Wu, J. & Wang, 1994: 37, by original designation.

Taxonomic History

Dolophra as genus: Wu, J. & Wang, 1994: 35; Wu, J. & Wang, 1995: 158.
Dolophra as junior synonym of Camponotus (Colobopsis): Bolton, 2003: 113, 268.
Dolophra as junior synonym of Camponotus: Bolton, 1995b: 23; Ward & Boudinot, 2021: 44.

MYRMACANTHA [junior synonym of Phasmomyrmex]
- Myrmacantha Emery, 1920b: 246 [as subgenus of Camponotus]. Type-species: Camponotus aberrans Mayr, 1895: 152, by original designation.

Taxonomic History

Myrmacantha as subgenus of Camponotus: Emery, 1920b: 246.
Myrmacantha as junior synonym of Myrmorhachis: Wheeler, W.M. 1921a: 18; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 707.
Myrmacantha as subgenus of Phasmomyrmex: Emery, 1925b: 58; Donisthorpe, 1943f: 664; Bolton, 1995b: 36; Bolton, 2003: 122.
Myrmacantha as junior synonym of Phasmomyrmex: Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 19; Ward, Blaimer & Fisher, 2016: 349.

MYRMOCAMELUS [junior synonym of Myrmophyma]
- Myrmocamelus Forel, 1914a: 261 [as subgenus of Camponotus]. Type-species: Formica ephippium Smith, F. 1858b: 39, by original designation.

Taxonomic History

[Type-species not Camponotus gambeyi Emery, 1883: 145, unjustified subsequent designation by Forel, 1922: 101.]
[Myrmocamelus also described as new by Forel, 1915b: 102.]
Myrmocamelus as subgenus of Camponotus: Forel, 1914a: 261; Forel, 1915b: 102; Forel, 1917: 250; Forel, 1922: 101.
Myrmocamelus as junior synonym of Myrmophyma: Emery, 1920b: 257; Wheeler, W.M. 1921a: 18; Emery, 1925b: 109; Bolton, 1995b: 37; Bolton, 2003: 115.
[Note: world list of species in C. (Myrmocamelus): Forel, 1914a: 270.]

MYRMOLOPHUS [junior synonym of Myrmepomis]
- Myrmolophus Emery, 1920b: 237 [as subgenus of Camponotus]. Type-species: Formica sericeiventris Guérin-Méneville, 1838: 205, by original designation.

Taxonomic History

Myrmolophus as subgenus of Camponotus: Emery, 1920b: 237.
[Note: world list of species in C. (Myrmolophus): Emery, 1920b: 256.]
Myrmolophus as junior synonym of Myrmepomis: Wheeler, W.M. 1921a: 17; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 705; Emery, 1925b: 170; Bolton, 1995b: 37; Bolton, 2003: 116.
[Note: Myrmepomis and Myrmolophus share the same type-species, synonymy is therefore absolute.]

MYRMORHACHIS [junior synonym of Phasmomyrmex]
- Myrmorhachis Forel, 1912i: 92 [as subgenus of Camponotus]. Type-species: Camponotus polyrhachioides Emery, 1898a: 227 (replacement name for Polyrhachis paradoxa André, 1892a: 46), by subsequent designation of Wheeler, W.M. 1913a: 81.

Taxonomic History

[Type-species not Camponotus latangulus Roger, 1863a: 142, unjustified subsequent designation by Forel, 1914a: 265.]
Myrmorhachis as subgenus of Camponotus: Forel, 1912i: 92; Forel, 1914a: 265; Forel, 1917: 251; Emery, 1920b: 251; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 707.
Myrmorhachis as subgenus of Phasmomyrmex: Emery, 1925b: 58; subsequent authors; Bolton, 1995b: 38; Bolton, 2003: 122.
Myrmorhachis as junior synonym of Phasmomyrmex: Brown, 1973b: 182 [provisional]; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 19; Ward, Blaimer & Fisher, 2016: 349.

MYRMOTURBA [junior synonym of Tanaemyrmex]
- Myrmoturba Forel, 1912i: 91 [as subgenus of Camponotus]. Type-species: Formica maculata Fabricius, 1782: 491, by subsequent designation of Wheeler, W.M. 1913a: 82.

Taxonomic History

Myrmoturba as subgenus of Camponotus: Forel, 1912i: 91; Forel, 1914a: 259; Emery, 1916b: 224; Forel, 1917: 250; Emery, 1920b: 235; Arnold, 1922: 612; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 704; Santschi, 1926a: 24.
Myrmoturba as junior synonym of Tanaemyrmex: Emery, 1925b: 75; Donisthorpe, 1943f: 672; Kempf, 1972a: 163; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1428; Bolton, 1995b: 38; Bolton, 2003: 114.
[Note: world list of species in C. (Myrmoturba): Forel, 1914a: 266; Emery, 1920b: 255.]

NEOCOLOBOPSIS [junior synonym of Hypercolobopsis]
- Neocolobopsis Borgmeier, 1928b: 65 [as subgenus of Camponotus]. Type-species: Camponotus (Neocolobopsis) scrobifer Borgmeier, 1928b: 66 (junior synonym of Camponotus (Colobopsis?) coriolanus Forel, 1912i: 84), by original designation.

Taxonomic History

Neocolobopsis as subgenus of Camponotus Borgmeier, 1928b: 65.
Neocolobopsis as junior synonym of Hypercolobopsis: Kempf, 1968b: 411; Kempf, 1972a: 43; Bolton, 1995b: 39; Bolton, 2003: 117.

NEOMYRMAMBLYS [junior synonym of Myrmaphaenus]
- Neomyrmamblys Wheeler, W.M. 1921a: 19 (in text) [as subgenus of Camponotus]. Type-species: Camponotus fastigatus Roger, 1863b: 5, by subsequent designation of Santschi, 1921f: 311.

Taxonomic History

Neomyrmamblys as subgenus of Camponotus: Wheeler, W.M. 1921a: 19; Santschi, 1921f: 311; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 708.
Neomyrmamblys as junior synonym of Myrmaphaenus: Emery, 1925b: 152; Kempf, 1972a: 44; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1434; Bolton, 1995b: 39; Bolton, 2003: 117.

PARACOLOBOPSIS [junior synonym of Myrmaphaenus]
- Paracolobopsis Emery, 1920b: 249 [as subgenus of Camponotus]. Type-species: Camponotus salvini Forel, 1899c: 153, by original designation.

Taxonomic History

Paracolobopsis as subgenus of Camponotus: Emery, 1920b: 249; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 709; Santschi, 1922c: 120.
[Note: world list of C. (Paracolobopsis): Emery, 1920b: 259.]
Paracolobopsis as junior synonym of Myrmaphaenus: Emery, 1925b: 152; Kempf, 1972a: 44; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1434; Bolton, 1995b: 41; Bolton, 2003: 117.

Common Names for Camponotus Subgenera

A mnemonic list of common names for the subgenera of Camponotus may be found here.

Subgenus Camponotus

True Carpenter Ants

Diagnosis of subgenus: Emery (1925) - "Worker and queen. - Large species; caste polymorphism and other characteristics as in the subgenus Tanaemyrmex, except for the following differences: Head of minors Alpha-form (see Tanaemyrmex for head shape classification), but head generally shorter and posterior head margin straighter; head of major worker much less enlarged and less emarginate posteriorly; head of queens similar to those of majors. Clypeus lacking medial carina nor usually with anterior lobe, although weakly-produced and more-or-less rectangular (C. japonicus, Mayr) or rounded (C. sansabeanus, Buckley) lobe may be present [note: C. sansabeanus is currently classified as Tanaemyrmex]; anterior margin of clypeus entire, lacking medial notch. Mandibles strongly arched, usually with 4 or 5 teeth, sometimes with 6. Mesosomal dorsum arched, always continuous in profile; pronotal dorsum rounded or sometimes depressed in majors, with slightly prominent humeri. Male. - Caracteres of Tanaemyrmex.

Note that the subgenera Camponotus, Tanaemyrmex, Myrmosericus, and Myrmothrix constitute a group: they are separated by characters of little importance and often offer transitions from one group to another.

Geographical distribution of species. - Holarctic region, except Mediterranean Africa; C. punctatissimus, Emery, is found in the north of Indomalaya."

(Translated and edited by B. E. Boudinot, 15 February 2017.)

Taxonomic History of Camponotus

The taxonomic history of Camponotus may be divided into four phases, or eras, based on the kind of work published during these time periods.

Phase I ("Archaic Era")

1861–1896 (Beginning: Mayr 1861; end: Emery 1896).

The beginning of subgeneric work on Camponotus started with Mayr's (1861) key to the European ant fauna, wherein he recognized the cork-head ants, Colobopsis, as a distinct genus for the first time. Most of the work during this period was regional in nature, treating Europe, the Mediterranean, Madagascar, Russia, India, Sri Lanka, and North America. Only one explicit subgenus, Mayria was designated, while two taxa currently treated as subgenera were described: the American weaving ants, Dendromyrmex, and big-nose carpenter ants, Rhinomyrmex. In 1896, Emery proposed the first global, synoptic classification of Camponotus; previously no higher classification was in place, excepting recognition Mayria. In this work, all of the groups Emery distinguished were treated informally. Specifically, Emery recognized three principal groups (cohorts), which he divided into 26 subgroups which he termed manipoli. This work marked the beginning of the second phase of higher classification within Camponotus, wherein formal treatments of these groups were published.

Phase II ("Classical Era")

1896–1928 (First classificatory publication of era for Camponotus: Emery, 1898; last: Santschi, 1928).

In addition to the continuation of global exploration marked by regional works (South America, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Palearctic [numerous], North America, Afrotropics [particularly South Africa], and the Malagasy region), this period is distinguished by greater focus on the subgenera, with Forel (1914), Emery (1920), Wheeler (1922), Santschi (1921), and Arnold (1922) expanding upon and refining Emery's system. In 1912, Forel formalized the Emery's (1896) higher classification by recognizing 16 subgenera, but without designating types. Wheeler (1913) sought to correct this by explicitly designating type species, but unfortunately this work was overlooked when Forel (1914) redundantly designated type specimens for his subgenera. This error of omission was replicated by Emery (1920), wherein he revised his initial classification, recognizing a total of 34 subgenera, as well as excluding Phasmomyrmex and species belonging to Notostigma (Melophorini), which he described as new. Wheeler (1921) put the nail in the coffin for the issue of confusion over subgeneric type species in a pointedly titled article, Professor Emery's subgenera of the genus Camponotus Mayr. The capstone to this second phase was Emery' (1925) final ,monumental contribution to Wytsmann's Genera Insectorum, which is still the most significant work on the internal classification of Camponotus to date. In this work, Emery synthesized all previous taxonomic works on Camponotus, particularly those of Forel and Wheeler, revised the delimitation of all subgenera, including subgroups, and provided keys to and diagnoses of all subgenera, all of which amounted to an effort which has not been matched. Moreover, Emery proposed his final phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus (see Emery's Phylogenetic Hypothesis below), which is distinguished from hypotheses he proposed for other groups by the strong biogeographic structure he postulated for the group. In 1926 and 1928, Santschi published the final two works formally altering Emery's (1925) system; both of these works were minor acts of splitting, and neither revised Emery's keys.

Phase III ("Modern Era")

1928–2006 (Beginning: Santschi, 1928; end: Moreau et al. and Brady et al. 2006)

After Emery (1925) and Santschi (1926, 1928), no further works were published which formally modified the subgeneric system of Camponotus until the fourth era of the internal classification of the genus (see Phase IV below). For almost 90 years, there has been, effectively, no major attempt to understand the diversity of Camponotus globally, with the major publications of the era for the genus being regional catalogs (Kempf 1972 Neotropics (followed by Brandao’s update in 1991), Taylor & Brown 1985 Australia (followed by Shattuck 1999), and Bolton’s 1995 global catalog). Virtually all of the taxonomic work on Camponotus during this time were regional, which in sum span the globe, but with global revisions restricted to minor groups of species (i.e., the groups or complexes of herculeanus, nigriceps, fulvopilosus, weiderkehri, and perjerus), as well as regionally-restricted and well-defined or easily-recognizable subgenera (e.g., Dendromyrmex, Karavaievia, Myrmentoma, Myrmostenus, Myrmothrix). In the late ‘90s and early 2000’s, Shattuck and McArthur treated a number Australian groups which they recognized morphologically but in which they disregarded the subgeneric classification. The end of this era is marked by the first global phylogenies of the Formicidae based on molecular data, published by Moreau et al. (2006) and Brady et al. (2006).

Phase IV ("Molecular Era")

2006–present.

The current era of classification, with respect to Camponotus, is nascent. Blaimer et al. (2015) published two phylogenies of the Formicinae using “traditional” Sanger sequencing and “next-gen” Illumina sequencing of ultraconserved elements (UCEs). This work was followed shortly by a formal reclassification of the subfamily by Ward et al. (2016), in which a number of taxonomic changes were made to relieve Camponotus and particular subgenera of paraphyly (i.e., Colobopsis and Dinomyrmex revived status as genera, Myrmogonia synonymized with Colobopsis, Phasmomyrmex made subgenus of Camponotus).Bill MacKay is still working on his revision of Camponotus of the Americas, and at present, no major phylogenetic work is underway for Camponotus, beyond refining the placement of species belonging to Colobopsis.

(Section by B. E. Boudinot, 19 February 2017.)

Emery's Phylogenetic Hypothesis for Camponotus

In Emery's (1925) treatment of Camponotus in Genera Insectorum, he proposed a final, revised hypothesis of the internal relationships of the genus; an earlier version was published in Emery (1920). An important facet of this hypothesis, translated from p. 61, is Emery's "opinion that Camponotus underwent independent evolution in the Old and New Worlds". Emery postulated seven genus groups within Camponotus, with explicit morphologically-transitional lineages. These groups are indicated below:

Group I: Myrmopiromis

(Afrotropical and Malagasy regions, a few species from India)

1. Myrmopiromis

2. Myrmotrema

3. Myrmisolepis

4. Orthonotomyrmex

5. Myrmepinotus

Group II: Myrmosaulus

(Malaysia, Australia, Madagascar)

1. Myrmosaulus

Group III: Myrmamblys

Myrmopsamma subgroup (Africa)

1. Myrmopsamma

Karavaievia subgroup (Indomalaya, etc.)

1. Karavaievia

2. Myrmotarsus

3. Myrmoplatys

Mayria subgroup (Afrotropical, Malagasy)

1. Mayria

2. Myrmonesites

3. Myrmopytia

Miscellaneous subgroup

1. Myrmentoma

2. Colobopsis [note: revived status as genus, Ward et al. (2015)]

3. Myrmogonia [note: synonymized with Colobopsis, Ward et al. (2015)]

Subgroup transitional to Myrmaphaenus via Tanaemyrmex

1. Myrmamblys (Old World) [note: split into Myrmespera, Myrmopelta, Myrmotemnus, Paramyrmamblys, and Myrmamblys sensu stricto by Santschi (1926).]

2. Myrmophyma [note: split into Thlipsepinotus and Myrmophyma sensu stricto by Santschi (1928).

Group IV: Tanaemyrmex

(Cosmopolitan)

1. Tanaemyrmex [note: Emery's species groups may be particularly useful for understanding, and dividing, this probably "plesiotypic" taxon]

Group V: Myrmoxygenys group

(Transitional between Myrmamblys and Myrmaphaenus groups via Tanaemyrmex)

1. Myrmoxygenys (Afrotropics)

2. Dinomyrmex (Malaysia) [note: revived status as genus, Ward et al. (2015)]

3. Myrmosericus (Afrotropics, India)

4. Myrmothrix (Neotropics)

Group VI: Myrmaphaenus

Subgroup transitional to Myrmamblys group via Tanaemyrmex

1. Camponotus (Holarctic) (sensu lato, including Nearctic Tanaemyrmex and caryae and lateralis groups of Myrmentoma, in part.

2. Myrmaphaenus (New World)

Neotropical subgroup, transitional to Myrmobrachys group

1. Pseudocolobopsis

2. Myrmostenus

3. Hypercolobopsis

4. Manniella

5. Myrmosphincta

Group VII: Myrmobrachys

Subgroup transitional to Myrmaphaenus group

1. Myrmobrachys

2. Myrmocladoecus

3. Myrmomalis

4. Myrmeurynota

5. Myrmodirachis

6. Myrmoplatypus

7. Myrmepomis

(Section by B. E. Boudinot, 19 February 2017.)

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Unverified References

Explore What are Unverified References?

In the ideal world, newly published papers would be added to AntWiki by a careful editor after extracting the relevant new findings, with notes and citations added to relevant pages. Unfortunately, this is rarely possible as the number of new ant-related publications continues to grow and "careful editors" are few and far between. A different approach is, sadly, necessary.

As an alternative, we are experimenting with semi-automatically adding papers to AntWiki in a section called "Unverified References". Unlike references listed under "References", these entries have not been checked for accuracy. Instead, PDFs are downloaded and their citations retrieved based on their DOI (using the DOI Foundation). These citations are then added to AntWiki pages using ant-names found within the PDFs. Hopefully this will allow literature discovery without an unacceptably high error rate.