Abstract
The accumulation of recent data from archaeobotany, archaeozoology and Neolithic excavations from across South Asia warrants a new overview of early agriculture in the subcontinent. This paper attempts a synthesis of these data while recommending further systematic work and methodological developments. The evidence for origins and dispersals of important crops and livestock from Southwest Asia into South Asia is reviewed. In addition evidence for indigenous plant and animal domestication in India is presented. Evidence for probable indigenous agricultural developments in Gujarat, the Middle Ganges, Eastern India, and Southern India are reviewed. An attempt is made to highlight regions of important frontiers of interaction between early farmers and hunter-gatherers. The current evidence suggests that the Neolithic trajectories in different parts of South Asia differ from each other. Indigenous centers of plant domestication in India also differ from the often discussed trajectory of Southwest Asia, while suggesting some similarities with agricultural origins in Africa and Eastern North America as well as secondary agricultural developments on the peripheries of Eurasia.
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Acknowledgments
I would like to thank several friends and colleagues, especially Ravi Korisettar, Pramod Joglekar and Rabi Mohanty, who encouraged me to produce a paper along these lines. The synthesis represented in this paper has benefited greatly from the opportunities to visit and work on several sites in various regions, for which I am grateful to Ravi Korisettar and P. C. Venkatasubbaiah (Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh), J. N. Pal and M. C. Gupta (Vindhyan sites), K. Rajan (southern Tamil Nadu), Rabi Mohanty, Kishor Basa and Basant Mohanta (Orissa) and Vinod Nautiyal (Garhwal). I have always benefited from discussions with such experienced scholars with detailed local knowledge. On issues of botanical origins and identification I have had fruitful discussions with Daniel Zohary and Mukund Kajale. I am grateful to Rakesh Tewari and K. S. Saraswat for the opportunity to visit recent Lahuradewa excavations and to discuss (and debate) the significance of the evidence there. I have also benefited from the new work and ideas of my research students and associates, Emma Harvey, Miriam Cooke, and Dr. Eleni Asouti. The author's most recent fieldwork in Southern India has been supported by a grant from the Leverhulme Trust (U.K.), with additional support for Indian field research from the British Academy, The Society for South Asian Studies, the Institute of Archaeology, and the University College London Dean's Travel Fund. Aspects of the history of archaezoology in South Asia have been revealed to me through conversations with Pramod Joglekar, Ajita Patel and Richard Meadow. This paper has benefited from critical readings while in draft form, in particular from David Harris, Emma Harvey, Eleni Asouti, Nicole Boivin, Robert Harding, and Marco Madella. Further improvements came from extensive and thought-revoking comments from two anonymous peer-reviewers and Angela E. Close.
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Fuller, D.Q. Agricultural Origins and Frontiers in South Asia: A Working Synthesis. J World Prehist 20, 1–86 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10963-006-9006-8
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