Rathlin Island
| Rathlin Island | |
|---|---|
 True-color ESA Sentinel-2 image of Rathlin Island | |
  Rathlin Island Location within Northern Ireland | |
| Population | 141 (2021 Census) |
| Irish grid reference | D134518 |
| • Belfast | 47 mi (76 km) |
| District | |
| County | |
| Country | Northern Ireland |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Ballycastle |
| Postcode district | BT54 |
| Dialling code | 028 |
| Police | Northern Ireland |
| Fire | Northern Ireland |
| Ambulance | Northern Ireland |
| UK Parliament | |
| Website | Rathlin Development & Community Association's official website |
Rathlin Island (Irish: Reachlainn, pronounced [ˈɾˠaxlən̠ʲ]; Local Irish dialect: Reachraidh, Irish pronunciation: [ˈɾˠaxɾˠi]; Scots: Racherie)[2] is an island and civil parish off the coast of Northern Ireland. It is part of County Antrim and is Northern Ireland's northernmost point. As of the 2021 Census there were 141 people living on the island.[3]
Geography
[edit]Rathlin is the only inhabited offshore island of Northern Ireland, with a population of approximately 150 people, and is the most northerly inhabited island off the coast of Northern Ireland. The reverse L-shaped Rathlin Island is four miles (six kilometres) from east to west, and 2+1⁄2 miles (4 kilometres) from north to south.
The highest point on the island is Slieveard, 134 metres (440 feet) above sea level. Rathlin is 15+1⁄2 nautical miles (29 kilometres) from the Mull of Kintyre, the southern tip of Scotland's Kintyre peninsula. It is part of the Causeway Coast and Glens council area, and is represented by the Rathlin Development & Community Association.[4]
Townlands
[edit]Rathlin is part of the traditional barony of Cary (around the town of Ballycastle), and of Causeway Coast and Glens Borough Council. The island constitutes a civil parish and is subdivided into 22 townlands:
| Townland | Area acres[5] |
Population |
|---|---|---|
| Ballycarry | 298 | ... |
| Ballyconagan | 168 | ... |
| Ballygill Middle | 244 | ... |
| Ballygill North | 149 | ... |
| Ballygill South | 145 | ... |
| Ballynagard | 161 | ... |
| Ballynoe | 80 | ... |
| Carravinally (Corravina Beg) | 116 | ... |
| Carravindoon (Corravindoon) | 188 | ... |
| Church Quarter | 51 | ... |
| Cleggan (Clagan) | 202 | ... |
| Craigmacagan (Craigmacogan) | 153 | ... |
| Demesne | 67 | ... |
| Glebe | 24 | ... |
| Kebble | 269 | ... |
| Kilpatrick | 169 | ... |
| Kinkeel | 131 | ... |
| Kinramer North | 167 | ... |
| Kinramer South (Kinramer) | 173 | ... |
| Knockans | 257 | ... |
| Mullindross (Mullindress) | 46 | ... |
| Roonivoolin | 130 | ... |
| Rathlin | 3388 (1371 ha) | ... |
Demography
[edit]2021 Census
[edit]Rathlin Island is labelled as The_Glens_B1 Data Zone by the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA).[3] As of the 2021 Census it is the smallest of the agency's data zones.[3] On Census day (21 March 2021) there were 141 people living in Rathlin Island[3]
- 57.5% (81) of the islanders belonged to, or were brought up in, the Catholic religion, 19.9% (28) belonged to or were brought up in a Protestant or other Christian denomination, 17.7% (25) had no religious background and 5.0% (7) came from other religious backgrounds.[6]
- 38.3% had an Irish national identity,[7] 39.0% had a Northern Irish national identity[8] and 22.0% indicated that they had a British national identity[9] (Respondents could select more than one nationality).
- 31.91% claim to have some knowledge of the Irish language, whilst 8.51% claim to be able to speak, read, write and understand spoken Irish. 4.26% claim to use Irish daily. 0.00% claim that Irish is their main language.
- 21.28% claim to have some knowledge of Ulster Scots, whilst 2.84% claim to be able to speak, read, write and understand spoken Ulster Scots. 2.13% claim to use Ulster Scots daily.
Irish language
[edit]The Irish language (Irish: Gaelca pronounced [ˈge̱:lkə])[10] was spoken on Rathlin Island for most of the last 2,500 years, prior to being gradually replaced within the community by English through a process of language shift that started in the 17th century. It is not known if the 1722 parish church of the established Church of Ireland preached locally in Irish, English or both, although the Church of Ireland had already translated the Bible and the Book of Common Prayer into Irish, which were used in Ireland and Scotland. Initially English was confined to trading with outsiders and amongst a small but growing number of newcomers during the 18th century, most islanders continued to speak Irish. Nevertheless knowledge and use of English increased and expanded on Rathlin until English eventually replaced Irish as the common community language probably some time in the middle of the 19th century. Irish persisted for a few decades as a family language amongst some islanders until they too switched to English. The last native Irish speakers on the island died in the 1950s and 1960s.[11]
The local dialect shows many features typical for Scottish Gaelic and not found in other dialects of Ireland, e.g. forming plurals with -(e)an Irish pronunciation: [ənˠ], use of the interrogative có (standard Irish cé), it uses the object pronouns e, i for subjects of finite verbs, etc. It is nevertheless mutually intelligible with dialects of the Irish mainland in the Glens of Antrim.[12] The features shared with Irish dialects are typically retentions that were lost in Scotland between the 17th and 20th century rather than innovations common with Irish, e.g. retention of eclipsis of p, t, c, f (but not b, d, g) after some words ending in a consonant (eg. nar bpeacaidh 'our sins', nar bpiúr 'our sister', seacht bpont 'seven pounds').
Transport
[edit]
A ferry operated by Rathlin Island Ferry Ltd connects the main port of the island, Church Bay, with the mainland at Ballycastle, six nautical miles (eleven kilometres) away. Two ferries operate on the route – the fast foot-passenger-only catamaran ferry Rathlin Express and a purpose-built larger ferry, commissioned in May 2017, Spirit of Rathlin, which carries both foot passengers and a small number of vehicles, weather permitting.[13][14] Rathlin Island Ferry Ltd won a six-year contract for the service in 2008 providing it as a subsidised "lifeline" service.[15] There is an ongoing investigation on how the transfer was handled between the Environment Minister and the new owners.[16][needs update]
Natural history
[edit]Rathlin is mostly of prehistoric volcanic origin sitting on a foundation of marine sedimentary rocks. The lowermost rocks on Rathlin are the Cretaceous-aged Ulster White Limestone, correlative with the Chalk that forms the White Cliffs of Dover. The limestone contains fossils of belemnites. Overlying an unconformity, the bulk of the island's rock are basalt of the Lower Basalt series, with a weathered horizon of bright red laterite paleosols separating the lavas from the overlying Causeway Basalts. The Causeway series show well-developed columnar jointing, and are named for the exposures at the Giant's Causeway in mainland Northern Ireland.[17] Both packages of lava are part of the British Tertiary Volcanic Province.[18]
The island was owned by Rev Robert Gage who was also the island's rector. He had two daughters, Adelaide in 1832[19] and Dorothea in 1835.[20] Adelaide was a botanist who wrote a book concerning the island's flora and fauna.[19] She visited Dorothea in Germany after she married his Serene Highness Prince Albrecht zu Waldeck und Pyrmont.[20] Adelaide was buried in Ramoan Churchyard in Ballycastle in 1920 and her book on Rathlin is now lost.[19]
Rathlin is one of 43 Special Areas of Conservation in Northern Ireland. It is home to tens of thousands of seabirds, including common guillemots, kittiwakes, puffins and razorbills – about thirty bird families in total. It is visited by birdwatchers, with a Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) nature reserve that has views of Rathlin's bird colony. The RSPB first purchased parts of the island's North Cliffs during the 1970s,[21] then other areas, and has successfully managed natural habitat to facilitate the return of the red-billed chough. Northern Ireland's only breeding pair of choughs can be seen during the summer months. Bird breeding has also benefitted from projects to eliminate invasive ferret and rat populations, which preyed on the predominantly ground-nesting birds[22].
The cliffs on this relatively bare island stand 70 metres (230 ft) tall. Bruce's Cave[23] is named after Robert the Bruce, also known as Robert I of Scotland: it was here that he was said to have seen the legendary spider which is described as inspiring Bruce to continue his fight for Scottish independence.[24] The island is also the northernmost point of the Antrim Coast and Glens Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.[25]
In 2008-09, the Maritime and Coastguard Agency of the United Kingdom and the Marine Institute Ireland undertook bathymetric survey work north of Antrim, updating Admiralty charts (Joint Irish Bathymetric Survey Project). In doing so a number of interesting submarine geological features were identified around Rathlin Island, including a submerged crater or lake on a plateau with clear evidence of water courses feeding it. This suggests the events leading to inundation – subsidence of land or rising water levels – were extremely quick.
Marine investigations in the area have also identified new species of sea anemone, rediscovered the fan mussel (the UK's largest and rarest bivalve mollusc – thought to be found only in Plymouth Sound and a few sites off the west of Scotland) and a number of shipwreck sites,[26][27] including HMS Drake,[28] which was torpedoed and sank just off the island in 1917.
Algae
[edit]Species of algae recorded from Rathlin, such as Hypoglossum hypoglossoides (Stackh.) Coll. et Harv., Apoglossum ruscifolium (Turn.) J.Ag., Radicilingua thysanorhizans (Holm.) Papenf. and Haraldiophyllum bonnemaisonii (Kylin) Zinova, were noted by Osborne Morton in 1994.[29] Maps showing the distribution of algae all around the British Isles, including Rathlin Island, are to be found in Harvey and Guiry 2003.[30]
Flowering plants
[edit]Details and notes of the flowering plants are to be found in Hackney.[31]
Archaeology
[edit]
The island has been settled at least as far back as the Mesolithic period.[32] A Neolithic