Idaho

Idaho
Idaho
State
	Flag Seal
	Nicknames: The Gem State (official), The Potato State
	Motto: Esto perpetua (Latin for "Let it be perpetual")
	Anthem: "Here We Have Idaho"
	Location of Idaho within the United States
Country	United States
Before statehood	Oregon Territory, Washington Territory, Idaho Territory
Admitted to the Union	July 3, 1890 (43rd)
Capital; (and largest city)	Boise
Largest county or equivalent	Ada
Largest metro and urban areas	Boise
Government
• Governor	Brad Little (R)
• Lieutenant Governor	Scott Bedke (R)
Legislature	Legislature
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Representatives
Judiciary	Idaho Supreme Court
U.S. senators	Mike Crapo (R) ; Jim Risch (R)
U.S. House delegation	1. Russ Fulcher (R) ; 2. Mike Simpson (R) (list)
Area
• Total	83,569 sq mi (216,444 km2)
• Land	82,644 sq mi (214,046 km2)
• Water	926 sq mi (2,399 km2) 1.11%
• Rank	14th
Dimensions
• Length	479 mi (771 km)
• Width	305 mi (491 km)
Elevation	4,990 ft (1,520 m)
Highest elevation (Borah Peak)	12,661 ft (3,859 m)
Lowest elevation (Confluence of Snake and Clearwater River; Lewiston)	712 ft (217 m)
Population (2025)
• Total	2,029,733
• Rank	37th
• Density	21.6/sq mi (8.33/km2)
• Rank	44th
• Median household income	$74,900 (2023)
• Income rank	24th
Demonym	Idahoan
Language
• Official language	English
Time zones
primary	UTC−07:00 (MST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−06:00 (MDT)
Idaho Panhandle	UTC−08:00 (PST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−07:00 (PDT)
USPS abbreviation	ID
ISO 3166 code	US-ID
Latitude	42° N to 49° N
Longitude	111°03′ W to 117°15′ W
Website	idaho.gov

Idaho (/ˈaɪdəhoʊ/ ^ⓘ, EYE-də-hoe) is a landlocked state in the Pacific Northwest and Mountain West subregions of the Western United States. It borders Montana and Wyoming to the east, Nevada and Utah to the south, and Washington and Oregon to the west; the state shares a small portion of the Canada–United States border to the north with the Canadian province of British Columbia. Idaho's state capital and largest city is Boise. With an area of 83,569 square miles (216,440 km²), Idaho is the 14th-largest state by land area. The state has a population of approximately two million people; it ranks as the 13th-least populous and the seventh-least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states.

For thousands of years, and prior to European colonization, Idaho had been inhabited by natives. In the early 19th century, Idaho was considered part of the Oregon Country, an area which was disputed between the U.S. and the British Empire. Idaho officially became a U.S. territory with the signing of the Oregon Treaty of 1846, but a separate Idaho Territory was not organized until 1863, instead being included for periods in Oregon Territory and Washington Territory. The state was eventually admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890, becoming the 43rd state.

Forming part of the Pacific Northwest (and the associated Cascadia bioregion), Idaho is divided into several distinct geographic and climatic regions. The state's north, the relatively isolated Idaho Panhandle, is closely linked with Eastern Washington, with which it shares the Pacific Time Zone—the rest of the state uses the Mountain Time Zone. The state's south includes the Snake River Plain (which has most of the population and agricultural land), and the southeast incorporates part of the Great Basin. Idaho is quite mountainous and contains several stretches of the Rocky Mountains. The United States Forest Service holds about 38% of Idaho's land, the highest proportion of any state.^[7]

Industries significant for the state economy include manufacturing, agriculture, mining, forestry, science and technology, and tourism. Idaho has been a predominantly Republican state since statehood, with the Republican Party dominating in both state and national elections; abortion is severely restricted and the state retains the death penalty, including methods like the firing squad. The state contains the Idaho National Laboratory. Idaho's agricultural sector supplies many products, but the state is best known for its potato crop, which comprises around one-third of the nationwide yield. Its official state nickname is the "Gem State".^[8]

Etymology

In the early 1860s, when the U.S. Congress was considering organizing a new territory around Pikes Peak in the Rocky Mountains, the name "Idaho" was popular among the Congressional committee, as they believed it to be derived from a Shoshone^{[citation needed]} term meaning "gem of the mountains."^[9] Realizing in January 1861 the name was quite possibly a fabrication and not Native American at all,^[10] the U.S. Congress ultimately decided to name the area Colorado Territory when it was created. But, by the time this decision was made in February 1861, the town of Idaho Springs, Colorado had already been named after their early frontrunner for a name, Idaho.

In 1863, the Territory of Idaho was formed, though "Montana" was nearly its name.^[11]

More than a decade after the name Idaho was first discussed for the eventual Colorado Territory, George M. Willing, a politician, claimed that he had been inspired by a little girl named Ida and that he coined the name in Washington at the time of the Congressional committee when he had been posing as an elected delegate to Congress.^[11]

The same year Congress created Colorado Territory, a county called Idaho County was created in eastern Washington Territory. The county was named after a steamship named Idaho, which was launched on the Columbia River in 1860. It is unclear whether the steamship was named before or after the legitimacy of the Native American origins of "Idaho" came into question. Regardless, part of Washington Territory, including Idaho County, was used to create Idaho Territory in 1863.^[10] Idaho Territory would later change its boundaries to the area that became the U.S. state.^[12]

History

Humans may have been present in the Idaho area as long as 14,500 years ago. Excavations at Wilson Butte Cave near Twin Falls in 1959 revealed evidence of human activity, including arrowheads, that rank among the oldest dated artifacts in North America. American Indian peoples predominant in the area included the Nez Percé in the north and the Northern and Western Shoshone in the south.^[13]

A Late Upper Paleolithic site was identified at Cooper's Ferry in western Idaho near the town of Cottonwood by archaeologists in 2019. Based on evidence found at the site, first people lived in this area 15,300 to 16,600 years ago, predating the Beringia land bridge by about a thousand years. The discoverers emphasized that they possess similarities with tools and artifacts discovered in Japan that date from 13,000 to 16,000 years ago.^[13]^[14] The discovery also showed that the first people might not have come to North America by land, as previously theorized. On the contrary, they probably came by sea, using a Pacific coastal route.^[15]

The most parsimonious explanation we think is that people came down the Pacific Coast, and as they encountered the mouth of the Columbia River, they essentially found an off-ramp from this coastal migration and also found their first viable interior route to the areas that are south of the ice sheet.^[14]

An early presence of French-Canadian trappers is visible in names and toponyms: Nez Percé, Cœur d'Alène, Boisé, Payette. Some of these names appeared prior to the Lewis and Clark and Astorian expeditions, which included significant numbers of French and Métis guides recruited for their familiarity with the terrain.^[16]

The Lewis and Clark expedition crossed Idaho in 1805 on the way to the Pacific, and in 1806, on the return trip, largely following the Clearwater River in both directions, making it one the last states settled by European Americans. The first non-indigenous settlement was Kullyspell House, established on the shore of Lake Pend Oreille in 1809 by David Thompson of the North West Company for fur trading.^[17]^[18] In 1812 Donald Mackenzie, working for the Pacific Fur Company at the time, established a post on the lower Clearwater River near present-day Lewiston. This post, known as "MacKenzie's Post" or "Clearwater", operated until the Pacific Fur Company was bought out by the North West Company in 1813, after which the post was abandoned.^[19]^[17] The first organized non-indigenous communities within the present borders of Idaho were established by Mormon pioneers in 1860.^[20]^[21] The first permanent, substantial incorporated community was Lewiston, in 1861. Early in its history, Idaho saw a large influx of Chinese immigrants, who by 1870 made up about 28.5% of the territory's population.^[22]

Idaho, as part of the Oregon Country, was claimed by both the United States and Great Britain until the United States gained undisputed jurisdiction in 1846. From 1843 to 1859, present-day Idaho was under the de facto jurisdiction of the Provisional Government of Oregon. When Oregon became a state in 1859, what is now Idaho was situated in what remained of the original Oregon Territory, designated as the Washington Territory. Between 1849 and the creation of the Idaho Territory in 1863, parts of present-day Idaho were included in the Oregon, Washington, and Dakota Territories. The new Idaho territory included present-day Idaho, Montana, and most of Wyoming.

Idaho achieved statehood in 1890, following a difficult start as a territory, including the transfer of the territorial capital from Lewiston to Boise,^[23] disenfranchisement of Mormon polygamists upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1890,^[24] and a federal attempt to split the territory between Washington Territory, which gained statehood in 1889, a year before Idaho, and the state of Nevada which had been a state since 1864.^[25]

Idaho was one of the hardest hit of the Pacific Northwest states during the Great Depression.^[26] Prices plummeted for Idaho's major crops: in 1932 a bushel of potatoes brought only ten cents compared to $1.51 in 1919, while Idaho farmers saw their annual income of $685 in 1929 drop to $250 by 1932.^[27]

Between 1991 and 2002, Idaho expanded its commercial base to include the science and technology sector which accounted for over 25% of its gross state product in 2001.^[28]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Idaho enacted statewide crisis standards of care as COVID-19 patients overwhelmed hospitals.^[29] The state had one of the lowest vaccination rates in the country as of mid-October 2021.^[30]

Geography

Idaho shares a border with six U.S. states and one Canadian province. The states of Washington and Oregon are to the west, Nevada and Utah to the south, and Montana and Wyoming to the east. Idaho also shares a short border with the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north.^[31]

The landscape is rugged, with some of the largest unspoiled natural areas in the United States. For example, at 2.3 million acres (930,000 ha), the Frank Church–River of No Return Wilderness is the largest contiguous area of protected wilderness in the continental United States. Idaho is a Rocky Mountain state with abundant natural resources and scenic areas. The state has snow-capped mountain ranges, rapids, vast lakes and steep canyons. The waters of the Snake River run through Hells Canyon, the deepest gorge in the United States. Shoshone Falls falls down cliffs from a height greater than that of Niagara Falls.^[32]

By far, the most important river in Idaho is the Snake River, a major tributary of the Columbia River. The Snake River flows from Yellowstone in northwestern Wyoming through the Snake River Plain in southern Idaho before turning north, leaving the state at Lewiston before joining the Columbia in Kennewick. Other major rivers are the Clark Fork/Pend Oreille River, the Spokane River, and many major tributaries of the Snake River, including the Clearwater River, the Salmon River, the Boise River, and the Payette River. The Salmon River empties into the Snake in Hells Canyon. The Port of Lewiston, at the confluence of the Clearwater and the Snake Rivers, is the farthest inland seaport on the West Coast at 465 river miles from the Pacific at Astoria, Oregon.^[33]

The vast majority of Idaho's population lives in the Snake River Plain, a valley running from across the entirety of southern Idaho from east to west. The valley contains the major cities of Boise, Meridian, Nampa, Caldwell, Twin Falls, Idaho Falls, and Pocatello. The plain served as an easy pass through the Rocky Mountains for westward-bound settlers on the Oregon Trail, and many settlers chose to settle the area rather than risking the treacherous route through the Blue Mountains and the Cascade Range to the west. The western region of the plain is known as the Treasure Valley, bound between the Owyhee Mountains to the southwest and the Boise Mountains to the northeast. The central region of the Snake River Plain is known as the Magic Valley.

Idaho's highest point is Borah Peak, 12,662 ft (3,859 m), in the Lost River Range north of Mackay. Idaho's lowest point, 710 ft (216 m), is in Lewiston, where the Clearwater River joins the Snake River and continues into Washington. The Sawtooth Range is often considered Idaho's most famous mountain range.^[34] Other mountain ranges in Idaho include the Bitterroot Range, the White Cloud Mountains, the Lost River Range, the Clearwater Mountains, and the Salmon River Mountains.

Salmon-Challis National Forest is located in the east central sections of the state, with Salmon National Forest to the north and Challis National Forest to the south. The forest is in an area known as the Idaho Cobalt Belt, which consists of a 34-mile (55 km) long geological formation of sedimentary rock that contains some of the largest cobalt deposits in the U.S.^[35]

Idaho has two time zones, with the dividing line approximately midway between Canada and Nevada. Southern Idaho, including the Boise metropolitan area, Idaho Falls, Pocatello, and Twin Falls, are in the Mountain Time Zone. A legislative error (15 U.S.C. ch. 6 §264) theoretically placed this region in the Central Time Zone, but this was corrected with a 2007 amendment.^[36] Areas north of the Salmon River, including Coeur d'Alene, Moscow, Lewiston, and Sandpoint, are in the Pacific Time Zone, which contains less than a quarter of the state's population and land area.^[37]

Climate

Idaho's climate varies widely. Although the state's western border is about 330 miles (530 km) from the Pacific Ocean, the maritime influence is still felt in Idaho; especially, in the winter when cloud cover, humidity, and precipitation are at their maximum extent. This influence has a moderating effect in the winter where temperatures are not as low as would otherwise be expected for a northern state with predominantly high elevations.^[38] In the panhandle, moist air masses from the coast are released as precipitation over the North Central Rockies forests, creating the North American inland temperate rainforest.^[39] The maritime influence is least prominent in the state's eastern part where the precipitation patterns are often reversed, with wetter summers and drier winters, and seasonal temperature differences are more extreme, showing a more semi-arid continental climate.^[40]

Idaho can be hot, although extended periods over 98 °F (37 °C) are rare, except for the lowest point in elevation, Lewiston, which correspondingly sees little snow. Hot summer days are tempered by the low relative humidity and cooler evenings during summer months since, for most of the state, the highest diurnal difference in temperature is often in the summer.^[40] Winters can be cold, although extended periods of bitter cold weather below zero are unusual. Idaho's all-time highest temperature of 118 °F (48 °C) was recorded at Orofino on July 28, 1934; the all-time lowest temperature of −60 °F (−51 °C) was recorded at Island Park Dam on January 18, 1943.

City	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Idaho cities. (°F)
Boise	38/24	45/27	55/33	62/38	72/46	81/53	91/59	90/59	79/50	65/40	48/31	38/23
Lewiston	42/30	47/32	55/36	62/41	72/48	79/54	91/61	90/60	80/52	63/42	49/35	41/30
Pocatello	33/16	38/19	49/27	59/33	68/40	78/46	88/52	88/51	76/42	62/33	45/24	33/16
Orofino	38/25	46/28	55/32	64/38	72/44	80/50	89/54	90/53	79/45	63/36	46/31	37/26
^[41]

Lakes and rivers

Protected areas

As of 2018:^[42]

National parks, reserves, monuments and historic sites

National recreation areas

National wildlife refuges and Wilderness Areas

National conservation areas

Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area

Demographics

Population

Historical population
Census	Pop.	%±
1870	14,999	—
1880	32,610	117.4%
1890	88,548	171.5%
1900	161,772	82.7%
1910	325,594	101.3%
1920	431,866	32.6%
1930	445,032	3.0%
1940	524,873	17.9%
1950	588,637	12.1%
1960	667,191	13.3%
1970	712,567	6.8%
1980	943,935	32.5%
1990	1,006,749	6.7%
2000	1,293,953	28.5%
2010	1,567,582	21.1%
2020	1,839,106	17.3%
2025 (est.)	2,029,733	10.4%
Source: 1910–2020^[43] 2024^[44]

The United States Census Bureau determined Idaho's population was 1,900,923 on July 1, 2021, a 21% increase since the 2010 US census.^[45]

Idaho had an estimated population of 1,754,208 in 2018, an increase of 37,265 from the prior year and an increase of 186,626 (11.91%) since 2010. This included a natural increase since the last census of 58,884 (111,131 births minus 52,247 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 75,795 people into the state. There are large numbers of Americans of English and German ancestry in Idaho. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 14,522 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 61,273 people.

According to the American Immigration Council, in 2018, the top countries of origin for Idaho's immigrants were Mexico, Canada, the Philippines, China, and Germany.^[46]

Idaho's population increased by 17.3% from 2010 to 2020, the second fastest rate of growth of any state that decade.^[47]

Nampa, about 20 miles (30 km) west of downtown Boise, became the state's second-largest city in the late 1990s, passing Pocatello and Idaho Falls. Nampa's population was under 29,000 in 1990 and grew to over 81,000 by 2010. Located between Nampa and Boise, Meridian also experienced high growth, from fewer than 10,000 residents in 1990 to more than 75,000 in 2010, and is now Idaho's third-largest city. Growth of 5% or more over the same period has also been observed in Caldwell, Coeur d'Alene, Post Falls, and Twin Falls.^[48]

From 1990 to 2010, Idaho's population increased by over 560,000 (55%). The Boise metropolitan area (officially known as the Boise City-Nampa, ID, Metropolitan Statistical Area) is Idaho's largest. Other metropolitan areas, in order of size, are Coeur d'Alene, Idaho Falls, Pocatello and Lewiston.^[49]

According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress, there were an estimated 1,998 homeless people in Idaho.^[50]^[51]

**Idaho – Racial and ethnic composition**
*Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.*
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic)	Pop 2000^[52]	Pop 2010^[53]	Pop 2020^[54]	% 2000	% 2010	% 2020
White alone (NH)	1,139,291	1,316,243	1,450,523	88.05%	83.97%	78.87%
Black or African American alone (NH)	4,889	8,875	14,785	0.38%	0.57%	0.80%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)	15,789	17,556	18,903	1.22%	1.12%	1.03%
Asian alone (NH)	11,641	18,529	26,036	0.90%	1.18%	1.42%
Pacific Islander alone (NH)	1,200	2,153	3,401	0.09%	0.14%	0.18%
Other race alone (NH)	1,192	1,539	8,243	0.09%	0.10%	0.45%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH)	18,261	26,786	77,808	1.41%	1.71%	4.23%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)	101,690	175,901	239,407	7.86%	11.22%	13.02%
Total	1,293,953	1,567,582	1,839,106	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%

**Idaho historical racial composition**
Racial composition	1970^[55]	1990^[55]	2000^[56]	2010^[57]	2020^[58]
White or European American	98.1%	94.4%	90.1%	89.1%	82.1%
Indigenous	0.9%	1.4%	1.4%	1.4%	1.4%
Asian	0.5%	0.9%	0.9%	1.2%	1.5%
Black	0.3%	0.3%	0.4%	0.6%	0.9%
Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander	—	—	0.1%	0.1%	0.2%
Other race	0.2%	3.0%	4.2%	5.1%	5.6%
Two or more races	—	—	2.0%	2.5%	8.3%

According to the 2017 American Community Survey, 12.2% of Idaho's population was of Hispanic or Latino origin of any race: Mexican (10.6%), Puerto Rican (0.2%), Cuban (0.1%), and other Hispanic or Latino origin (1.3%).^[59] The five largest ancestry groups were: German (17.5%), English (16.4%), Irish (9.3%), American (8.1%), and Scottish (3.2%).^[60]^{[new archival link needed]}

The majority of Idaho's population is of European descent. Most of Idaho's white residents trace their ancestry to the United Kingdom, Germany, Ireland, France, Italy, or Poland. There are also small numbers of Native Americans, Asians, and African Americans in the state.^[61]

In 2018, the top countries of origin for Idaho's immigrants were Mexico, Canada, the Philippines, China, and Germany.^[46]

Native American tribes

Historically Idaho has been inhabited by several Native American tribes, namely the Nez Perce, the Skitswish (Coeur d'Alene), the Kootenai, northern Paiute (especially their major subdivision known as the Bannock), western and northern Shoshone, the Salish (Flathead), the Palouse and the Kalispel.^[62] Nowadays there are five federally recognized Native American tribes in the state. These tribes include the Shoshone-Bannock, the Shoshone-Paiute, the Coeur d'Alene, the Kootenai, and the Nez Perce.^[63]

Vital statistics

Note: Births in the table do not add up because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

Live Births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother
Race	2014^[64]	2015^[65]	2016^[66]	2017^[67]	2018^[68]	2019^[69]	2020^[70]	2021^[71]	2022^[72]	2023^[73]	2024^[74]
White	18,188 (79.5%)	18,087 (79.2%)	17,543 (78.0%)	17,151 (77.3%)	16,574 (77.4%)	16,959 (76.9%)	16,463 (76.4%)	17,039 (76.0%)	16,894 (75.4%)	16,649 (74.3%)	17,215 (74.0%)
Asian	501 (2.2%)	516 (2.3%)	363 (1.6%)	366 (1.7%)	348 (1.6%)	350 (1.6%)	327 (1.5%)	380 (1.7%)	378 (1.7%)	398 (1.8%)	408 (1.7%)
Black	250 (1.1%)	287 (1.2%)	217 (1.0%)	243 (1.1%)	233 (1.1%)	261 (1.2%)	265 (1.2%)	271 (1.2%)	258 (1.2%)	291 (1.3%)	319 (1.4%)
American Indian	429 (1.9%)	406 (1.8%)	261 (1.2%)	337 (1.5%)	285 (1.3%)	291 (1.3%)	206 (0.9%)	232 (1.0%)	194 (0.9%)	174 (0.8%)	207 (0.9%)
Hispanic (any race)	3,651 (16.0%)	3,645 (16.0%)	3,614 (16.1%)	3,598 (16.2%)	3,549 (16.6%)	3,702 (16.8%)	3,687 (17.1%)	3,887 (17.3%)	4,002 (17.9%)	4,265 (19.0%)	4,427 (19.0%)
Total	22,876 (100%)	22,827 (100%)	22,482 (100%)	22,181 (100%)	21,403 (100%)	22,063 (100%)	21,533 (100%)	22,427 (100%)	22,391 (100%)	22,397 (100%)	23,276 (100%)

Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin have not been collected but are included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Religion

Religious self-identification, per Public Religion Research Institute's 2022 American Values Survey^[75]

Protestantism (37.0%)
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (24.0%)
Catholicism (9.00%)
Jehovah's Witness (2.00%)
Unaffiliated (26.0%)
New Age (3.00%)

According to the Pew Research Center on Religion & Public Life, the self-identified religious affiliations of Idahoans over the age of 18 in 2008 and 2014 were:

Denomination	2008^[76]	2014^[77]^[78]
Christian, including:	81%	67%
* Evangelical Protestant	22%	21%
* Mainline Protestant	16%	16%
* Catholic	18%	10%
* Eastern Orthodox	< 0.5%	1%
* Historically Black Protestant	< 0.5%	< 1%
* The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints	23%^[b]	19%
* Other Mormon churches	n/d	1%
* Jehovah's Witnesses	1%	< 1%
* Other Christian	< 0.5%	< 1%
Unaffiliated, including:	18%	27%
* Nothing in particular	n/d	22%
* Agnostic	n/d	3%
* Atheist	n/d	2%
Non-Christian faiths, including:	n/d	4%
* Muslim	< 0.5%	1%
* Jewish	< 0.5%	< 1%
* Buddhist	< 0.5%	< 1%
* Hindu	< 0.5%	< 1%
* Other world religions	< 0.5%	< 1%
* Other faiths (e.g., New Age beliefs, Native American religion, etc.)	n/d	2%
Don't know/refused	< 0.5%	1%

1 2 Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988
↑ Figure for all adherents of Mormonism; 2008 survey did not distinguish LDS from other Mormons

According to the Association of Religion Data Archives, the largest denominations by number of members in 2010 were the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 409,265; the Catholic Church with 123,400; non-denominational Protestants with 62,637; and the Assemblies of God with 22,183.^[79] In 2020, the Association of Religion Data Archives revealed Mormons remained the largest with 462,069, followed by Catholics (203,790), and non-denominational Protestants (98,996).^[80]

In 2022, the Public Religion Research Institute's American Values Survey estimated that 72% of the population was Christian, 26% were religiously unaffiliated, and 3% were New Agers. Of its Christian population, 37% were Protestant, 24% Mormon, 9% Catholic, and 2% Jehovah's Witnesses.

Language

English is the state's predominant language. Minority languages include Spanish^[81] and various Native American languages.

Economy

In 2025, the gross state product (state GDP) for Idaho was $135.5 billion and the state's per capita personal income was $64,846.^[82] Idaho had the 39th highest GDP per capita in the United States of America in 2025.^[83]

In 2025, small businesses made up 99.2% and employed 56.0% of the state's work force.^[84] As of May 2025

[NAVD88-4] 1 2 Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988

[80] Figure for all adherents of Mormonism; 2008 survey did not distinguish LDS from other Mormons

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