List of dialects of English
Dialects are linguistic varieties that may differ in pronunciation, vocabulary, spelling, and other aspects of grammar. For the classification of varieties of the language, English, in pronunciation only, see regional accents of English.
Dialects can be defined as "sub-forms of languages which are, in general, mutually comprehensible."[1] English speakers from different countries and regions use a variety of accents (systems of pronunciation), and local words and grammatical constructions, and from these factors various dialects can be differentiated. Dialects can be classified at broad or narrow levels: within a broad national or regional dialect, localised sub-dialects can be identified. The combination of differences in pronunciation and use of local words may make some English dialects almost unintelligible to speakers from other regions without any prior exposure.[2]
The major native dialects of English are often divided by linguists into three general categories: the British Isles dialects, those of North America, and those of Australasia.[3] Dialects can be associated not only with place but also with particular social groups. Within a given English-speaking country, there is a form of the language considered to be Standard English: the Standard Englishes of different countries differ and can themselves be considered dialects. Standard English is often associated with the more educated layers of society as well as more formal registers.
Standard British and Standard American English are the reference norms for English as spoken, written, and taught in the rest of the world, excluding countries in which English is spoken natively such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, Singapore and Ireland. In many former British Empire countries in which English is not spoken natively, British English forms are closely followed, alongside numerous American English usages that have become widespread throughout the English-speaking world.[4] Conversely, a number of countries with historical ties to the United States tend to follow American English conventions. Many of these countries, while retaining strong British English or American English influences, have developed their own unique dialects, which include Indian English and Philippine English.
Chief among other native English dialects are Canadian English and Australian English, which rank third and fourth in the number of native speakers.[5] For the most part, Canadian English, while featuring numerous British forms, alongside indigenous Canadianisms, shares vocabulary, phonology and syntax with American English, which leads many to recognise North American English as an organic grouping of dialects.[6] Australian English, likewise, shares many British English usages, alongside plentiful features unique to Australia, and retains a significantly higher degree of distinctiveness from both larger varieties than does Canadian English. South African English, New Zealand English and Irish English are also distinctive and rank fifth, sixth, and seventh in the number of native speakers.
Europe
[edit]
Great Britain
[edit]England
[edit]- Standard English (Not to be confused with the accent Received Pronunciation)
- Northern
- East Midlands
- West Midlands
- Black Country
- Brummie (Birmingham)
- Potteries (north Staffordshire)
- Coventry
- East Anglian
- Southern
- Cockney (working-class London and surrounding areas)
- Estuary
- Received Pronunciation (middle-class London, Home Counties and Hampshire)
- Multicultural London (London)
- Sussex
- West Country
- Cornwall
- Bristolian
- Dorset
- Janner (Plymouth)
Scotland
[edit]- Scottish English comprising varieties based on the Standard English of England.
Wales
[edit]Non-geographic based English
[edit]British dependencies and territories
[edit]- Channel Islands: Channel Island English
- Isle of Man: Manx English
- Gibraltar: Gibraltarian English
- Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha: South Atlantic English
Ireland
[edit]- Hiberno-English (Irish English)
- Extinct
- Yola language (also known as Forth and Bargy dialect), thought to have been a descendant of Middle English, spoken in County Wexford[7][8]
- Fingallian, another presumed descendant of Middle English, spoken in Fingal[7]
Continental Europe
[edit]European interlanguages
[edit]Mediterranean
[edit]North America
[edit]United States
[edit]
- Cultural and ethnic American English
- African American English
- Cajun Vernacular English
- General American: the "standard" or "mainstream" spectrum of American English
- Latino (Hispanic) Vernacular Englishes
- Chicano English (Mexican-American English)
- Miami English
- New York Latino English
- Pennsylvania Dutch English
- Yeshiva English
- American Indian English
- Regional and local American English
- Northern American English
- Inland Northern English: Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Milwaukee, Western New York, the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, and most of the U.S. Great Lakes region
- New England English
- Eastern New England English (including Boston and Maine English)
- Western New England English: Connecticut, Hudson Valley, western Massachusetts, and Vermont
- North-Central (Upper Midwestern) English: northern Wisconsin, northern Minnesota, North Dakota, Montana
- Metropolitan New York English
- Southeast Super-Regional English
- Midland American English
- North Midland English: Iowa City, Omaha, Lincoln, Columbia, Springfield, Muncie, Columbus, etc.
- South Midland English: Oklahoma City, Tulsa, Topeka, Wichita, Kansas City, St. Louis (in transition), Decatur, Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Dayton, etc.
- High Tider English: traditional dialect of the Chesapeake Bay, Tangier, Ocracoke, the Outer Banks, Virginia Barrier Islands, etc.
- New Orleans English
- Philadelphia English
- Southern American English
- Southern Appalachian English: Linden, Birmingham, Chattanooga, Knoxville, Asheville, and Greenville
- Texan English: Lubbock, Odessa, and Dallas
- Tennessean English: Nashville, Murfreesboro, Memphis
- Midland American English
- Western American English
- Western Pennsylvania (Pittsburgh) English
- Northern American English
- Extinct or near-extinct American English
- Boontling
- "Good American Speech": Mid-Atlantic or Transatlantic English
- Elite Northeastern American English
- Older Southern American English
- American English-based hybrid languages (creoles or pidgins)
- Afro-Seminole Creole
- Gullah language/Sea Island Creole English, South-East US related to Bahamian creole
- Hawaiian Pidgin
Canada
[edit]
Caribbean, Central, and South America
[edit]Caribbean
[edit]Antigua and Barbuda
[edit]The Bahamas
[edit]Barbados
[edit]Belize
[edit]Bermuda
[edit]Cayman Islands
[edit]Colombia
[edit]Costa Rica
[edit]Dominican Republic
[edit]Falkland Islands
[edit]Guyana
[edit]Honduras
[edit]Jamaica
[edit]Nicaragua
[edit]Panama
[edit]Puerto Rico
[edit]Saba
[edit]Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
[edit]- Vincentian English
Trinidad and Tobago
[edit]Turks and Caicos Islands
[edit]Virgin Islands
[edit]Asia
[edit]Bangladesh
[edit]- Bangladeshi English (Benglish or Banglish)
- Banglish
Brunei
[edit]Cambodia
[edit]Mainland China and Taiwan
[edit]- Chinese Pidgin English (Extinct[10][11])
- Chinglish
Hong Kong
[edit]India
[edit]Indian English:
- Standard Indian English
- Indian English: the "standard" English used by government administration, it derives from the British Indian Empire.
- Butler English: (also Bearer English or Kitchen English), once an occupational dialect, now a social dialect.
- Regional and local Indian English
- East Region: Odia English, Bhojpuriya English, Assamese English, Bengali English, North-East Indian English etc.
- West Region: Gujarati English, Maharashtrian English etc.
- North Region: Hindustani English (Hinglish), Delhi/Punjabi English, Rajasthani English etc.
- South Region: Telugu English (Tenglish), Kannada English (Kanglish), Tamil English (Tanglish), Malayali English etc.
Israel
[edit]Japan
[edit]Myanmar (Burma)
[edit]Korea
[edit]Malaysia
[edit]Maldives
[edit]Middle East
[edit]Nepal
[edit]Pakistan
[edit]Philippines
[edit]Singapore
[edit]Sri Lanka
[edit]Thailand
[edit]Africa
[edit]Cameroon
[edit]Eswatini
[edit]Ethiopia
[edit]The Gambia
[edit]Ghana
[edit]Kenya
[edit]Lesotho
[edit]Liberia
[edit]Malawi
[edit]Namibia
[edit]Nigeria
[edit]Rwanda
[edit]Sierra Leone
[edit]South Africa
[edit]- South African English: Black South African English, White South African English, Indian South African English etc.
South Atlantic
[edit]- South Atlantic English spoken on Tristan da Cunha and Saint Helena[20]
Tanzania
[edit]Uganda
[edit]Zambia
[edit]Zimbabwe
[edit]Oceania
[edit]Australia
[edit]- Australian English
- General Australian: Broad Australian, Cultivated, Mediterranean accent etc.
Fiji
[edit]New Zealand
[edit]- New Zealand English: Māori English, Pasifika English, Southland accent, West Coast Irish Catholic accent, Taranaki accent etc.