Zizania latifolia
| Zizania latifolia | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Genus: | Zizania |
| Species: | Z. latifolia |
| Binomial name | |
| Zizania latifolia | |
| Synonyms[3][4] | |
| |
Zizania latifolia, known as Manchurian wild rice[5] (Chinese: 菰; pinyin: gū or 茭; pinyin: jiāo; POJ: kha; Korean: 줄; RR: jul;[6] Japanese: 真菰 or マコモ makomo),[7] is the only member of the wild rice genus Zizania native to Asia. It is used as a food plant; both the stem and grain are edible. Gathered in the wild wetlands, Manchurian wild rice was an important grain in ancient China.[8]: 165 Manchurian wild rice is now very rare in the wild, and its use as a grain has completely disappeared in Asia, though it continues to be cultivated for its smut-swelled stems.[8]: 165 A measure of its former popularity is that the surname Jiǎng (simplified Chinese: 蒋; traditional Chinese: 蔣), one of the most common in China, derives from this crop.[citation needed]
Cultivation
[edit]
Smut-infected stems
[edit]Zizania latifolia is often grown as an agricultural crop across Asia, not for its grain as are other wild rice species, but for the stems which are made hosts of the smut fungus Ustilago esculenta infecting them, swelling in hypertrophy into juicy galls.[9] The galled stems are harvested as a vegetable in China (known as jiāobái(sǔn) (traditional Chinese: 茭白(筍); simplified Chinese: 茭白(笋); Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kha-pe̍h-(sún)[10]))[11] and Japan (真菰筍 makomotake).[7] The galled section of the stem is 3 to 4 centimeters (1.2 to 1.6 in) wide and up to 20 centimeters (10 in) long.[citation needed] This vegetable has been grown for at least 400 years.[12] As the smut infection prevents the plant flowering and setting seed, the crop is propagated asexually by rhizome.[9]
The swollen stems on their own are popular for its flavor and tender texture,[13] and it is eaten raw or cooked. Its taste resembles fresh bamboo shoots.[citation needed] It stays crisp when stir-fried.[14] The main harvesting season is between September and November; a typhoon-occuring season in parts of Asia, a time when many other vegetables are unavailable. This makes the product more attractive to consumers.[citation needed]
As grain
[edit]In July 2026, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences reported on the successful harvest of 2 mu of the uninfected crop seed. This revived ancient grain is intended to serve as a replacement of imported "wild rice".[15]
Invasive species
[edit]It has been accidentally introduced into the wild in New Zealand and is considered an invasive species there.[16] It has been introduced into Hawaii.[17]
Importation of the smut-infected stems to the United States is prohibited[18] in order to protect the North American wild rice species from the fungus.[19]
Research
[edit]This wild rice can be crossed with ordinary rice by protoplast fusion. Manual "repeated pollination", a different approach, produces fertile offspring with ~0.1% wild rice DNA.[20]
The genome of the species was initially sequenced in 2015. In 2022, a new sequencing project produced a chromosome-level (2n=2x=34) assembly.[21]
References
[edit]- ↑ Hance, Henry Fletcher (1872). "On a Chinese culinary vegetable". Journal of Botany, British and Foreign. 10: 146–149.
- ↑ Von Mueller, Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich (1872). "Selected plants (exclusive of timber trees) readily eligible for Victorian industrial culture, with indications of their native countries and some of their uses". Proceedings of the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, and Report of the Annual Meeting of the Society. 1: 249–428.
- ↑ "Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Hance ex F.Muell". Plants of the World Online. Kew Science. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- ↑ Terrell, E. E.; Batra, L. R. (July 1982). "Zizania latifolia and Ustilago esculenta, a grass-fungus association". Economic Botany. 36 (3): 274–285. Bibcode:1982EcBot..36..274T. doi:10.1007/BF02858549. S2CID 9723846.
- ↑ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
- ↑ 장강 (2018). 한국의 산나물: 우리 산과 들에 숨 쉬고 있는 보물 (in Korean). SINYUL. p. 173. ISBN 978-89-6698-154-0.
- 1 2 Kawagishi, Hirokazu; Hota, Kuniyoshi; Masuda, Kikuko; Yamaguchi, Kohji; Yazawa, Kazunaga; Shibata, Kanako; Uzuka, Naoaki; Matahira, Yoshiharu (23 November 2006). "Osteoclast-forming suppressive compounds from makomotake, Zizania latifolia infected with Ustilago esculenta". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 70 (11): 2800–2802. doi:10.1271/bbb.60376. hdl:10297/2223. PMID 17090930. S2CID 7518159.
- 1 2 Simoons, Frederick J. (1991). Food in China: a cultural and historical inquiry. CRC Press. p. 559. ISBN 978-0-8493-8804-0.
- 1 2 Chung, K. R. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by the gall-inducing fungus Ustilago esculenta. Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Journal of Biological Sciences 4(6) 744–50.
- ↑ "茭白筍 – 詞目". 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典. Republic of China (Taiwan) Ministry of Education.
- ↑ Zhang, Jing-Ze; Chu, Fu-Qiang; Guo, De-Ping; Hyde, Kevin D.; Xie, Guang-Lin (1 May 2012). "Cytology and ultrastructure of interactions between Ustilago esculenta and Zizania latifolia". Mycological Progress. 11 (2): 499–508. Bibcode:2012MycPr..11..499Z. doi:10.1007/s11557-011-0765-y. S2CID 9330359. ProQuest 992863985.
- ↑ Oritani, Y., et al. Manchurian wild rice (Zizania latifolia) infected with Ustilago esculenta stimulates innate immune system, via induction of human β-defensin-2. Archived 1 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine ISHS Acta Horticulturae 841: II International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables: FAVHEALTH 2007.
- ↑ You, Wenyu; Liu, Qian; Zou, Keqin; Yu, Xiaoping; Cui, Haifeng; Ye, Zihong (January 2011). "Morphological and molecular differences in two strains of Ustilago esculenta". Current Microbiology. 62 (1): 44–54. doi:10.1007/s00284-010-9673-7. PMID 20495805. S2CID 12174258.
- ↑ Yamaguchi, M. 1990. Asian Vegetables. pp. 387–390. In: Janick, J. and J. E. Simon, Eds. Advances in New Crops. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
- ↑ ""消失千年"的菰（gū）米，有望重回餐桌". www.peopleapp.com (in Chinese).
- ↑ "NIWA: Stopping the freshwater wild rice invader".
- ↑ "USDA Plants Database". plants.sc.egov.usda.gov.
- ↑ Not Authorized Pending Pest Risk Analysis (NAPPRA)
- ↑ "Ustilago esculenta". December 2017.
- ↑ Wang, Yong-Ming; Dong, Zhen-Ying; Zhang, Zhong-Juan; Lin, Xiu-Yun; Shen, Ye; Zhou, Daowei; Liu, Bao (August 2005). "Extensive de Novo Genomic Variation in Rice Induced by Introgression From Wild Rice (Zizania latifolia Griseb.)". Genetics. 170 (4): 1945–1956. Bibcode:2005Genet.170.1945W. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.040964. PMC 1449789. PMID 15937131.
- ↑ Yan, Ning; Yang, Ting; Yu, Xiu-Ting; Shang, Lian-Guang; Guo, De-Ping; Zhang, Yu; Meng, Lin; Qi, Qian-Qian; Li, Ya-Li; Du, Yong-Mei; Liu, Xin-Min; Yuan, Xiao-Long; Qin, Peng; Qiu, Jie; Qian, Qian; Zhang, Zhong-Feng (11 January 2022). "Chromosome-level genome assembly of Zizania latifolia provides insights into its seed shattering and phytocassane biosynthesis". Communications Biology. 5 (1): 36. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02993-3. PMC 8752815. PMID 35017643. S2CID 245857447.
