dere

See also: derë, de re, dərə, and Dere

English

Etymology 1

From Middle English dere, from Old English dæru, daru (“injury, hurt, harm, damage, calamity; loss, deprivation”), from Proto-West Germanic *daru, from Proto-Germanic *darō (“damage, injury”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰórh₃-eh₂, from *dʰerh₃- (“to leap, spring”).

Cognate with Middle Dutch dare, dere, Low German dere, Old High German tara, Avestan 𐬛𐬁𐬭𐬁 (dārā), Sanskrit धारा (dhā́rā).

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /dɪə/
• Rhymes: -ɪə(ɹ)
• Homophones: dear, deer

Noun

dere (plural deres)

1. (obsolete, dialectal) Hurt; harm; injury.

   Synonyms: see Thesaurus:injury

   She did him dere.

Etymology 2

From Middle English deren, from Old English derian (“to damage, injure, hurt, harm”), from Proto-West Germanic *darjan (“to injure, harm”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰerh₃- (“to leap, spring”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian dera (“to injure, damage”), West Frisian deare, derre (“to harm, injure”), Dutch deren (“to injure, damage, scathe”), Middle High German tern (“to injure”). Related to dart.

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /dɪə/
• Rhymes: -ɪə(ɹ)
• Homophones: dear, deer

Verb

dere (third-person singular simple present deres, present participle dering, simple past and past participle dered)

1. (transitive, obsolete) To hurt; harm; injure; wound.

   Synonyms: damage, scathe; see also Thesaurus:harm, Thesaurus:hurt

2. (transitive, obsolete) To annoy, trouble, grieve.

Derived terms

• dering

Etymology 3

Nonstandard spelling of there, reflecting any of a variety of accents with th-stopping.

Alternative forms

• der

Pronunciation

• (African-American Vernacular, New York City) IPA^(key): /dɛː(ɹ)/
• (Ulster English) IPA^(key): /d̪ɛː(ɹ)/
• (Midlands) IPA^(key): /d̪ɛə(ɹ)/
• (rural areas of Scotland, rare) IPA^(key): /d̪iəɹ/
• Rhymes: -ɛː(ɹ), -ɛə(ɹ)
• Homophone: dare (some accents)

Adverb

dere (not comparable)

1. Pronunciation spelling of there.

Interjection

dere

1. Pronunciation spelling of there.

Noun

dere (uncountable)

1. Pronunciation spelling of there.

Pronoun

dere

1. Pronunciation spelling of there.

Anagrams

• Eder, Rede, Reed, deer, dree, rede, reed

Czech

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈdɛrɛ]

Verb

dere

1. third-person singular present of drát

Dutch

Pronunciation

• Rhymes: -eːrə

Verb

dere

1. (dated or formal) singular present subjunctive of deren

Japanese

Romanization

dere

1. Rōmaji transcription of デレ

Latin

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈdeː.rɛ]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈdɛː.re]

Verb

dēre

1. second-person singular present passive subjunctive of dō

Middle English

Etymology 1

From Old English dīere, from Proto-West Germanic *diurī, from Proto-Germanic *diurijaz.

Alternative forms

• deere, deore

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdeːr(ə)/

Adjective

dere

1. dear

Descendants

• English: dear
• Scots: dere, deir
• Yola: dear

References

• “dẹ̄re, adj.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Etymology 2

Either a back-formation from deren (“to harm”) or a modification of Old English daru with assimilation of the vowel to that verb.

Alternative forms

• der
• deere, deire, derre (Late Middle English)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdɛ̞ːr(ə)/

Noun

dere (plural deres)

1. A harm or damage; something harmful:
   1. An injury or wound; a physical harm.
   2. A misdeed or infliction.
2. An obstacle or challenge.

Descendants

• English: dere (obsolete)
• Middle Scots: dere, deir
  • Scots: deare, dere (obsolete)

References

• “dēre, n.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Etymology 3

Noun

dere

1. (Northern or Late Middle English) alternative form of der (“deer”)

Etymology 4

Verb

dere

1. alternative form of deren

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From southern and eastern Norwegian dialectal dere, originally an object form, ultimately from Old Norse. The precise development is disputed.

Bokmålsordboka tentatively connects the word with Old Norse iðr, a variant of yðr (“you”), the second-person plural accusative and dative, with an initial consonant transferred from nominative forms such as þit and þér. Papazian suggests that the two-syllable form and tone 2 reflect influence from, or replacement by, the corresponding second-person possessive. The former object form was generalized to subject use and admitted to the written standard in 1907. The Old Norse object form continues Proto-Germanic *izwiz, whose precise further origin is uncertain.

NAOB instead derives the word from Old Norse þeirra, þeira (“their”), the genitive plural of þeir, used to replace yðr.

For the proposed second-person origin, compare Icelandic yður, Danish jer, Swedish er, Gothic 𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌹𐍃 (izwis), Dutch jou, German euch and English you (“you”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /²deːrə/, [²deːɾə]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -eːrə
• Hyphenation: de‧re

Pronoun

dere (objective case dere, possessive deres)

1. (personal) you; the second-person plural pronoun, used as a subject or object, including after a preposition.

   Dere kan vente her. ― You can wait here.

   Jeg møter dere ved stasjonen. ― I'll meet you at the station.

   Dette er til dere. ― This is for you.

   Kom hit, dere! ― Come here, you lot!

   • 1840 August 20, Henrik Wergeland, “Til Amalie Wergeland”, in Halvdan Koht and Herman Jæger, editor, Samlede Skrifter: trykt og utrykt‎^[1], volume V,1, Oslo: Steenske Forlag, published 1930, page 278:

     Regnen har vel holdt Dere i Huus.

     The rain has presumably kept you indoors.

   • 1895, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Over Ævne. Andet Stykke‎^[2], page 24:

     nu vil jeg fortælle dere […] , at her ogsaa er dem iblandt dere, som gjerne vil ta arbejdet op igjæn

     Now I will tell you […] that there are also some among you who would like to resume work.

   • 1911, Sigrid Undset, chapter II, in Jenny‎^[3], Kristiania: H. Aschehoug & Co., page 33:

     Ja jeg skal ha mere likør jeg, dere!

     Yes, I'm going to have some more liqueur, you lot!

   • 1927, Tidens Tegn, number 243, page 2, column 2:

     alle dere titusener som sat hjemme [ved stortingsvalget], – dere får bære vore og efterslektens forbandelser! Ve Eder! Og skam Eder!

     All you tens of thousands who stayed home [during the parliamentary election]—you must bear our curses and those of posterity! Woe to you! And shame on you!

2. yourselves; the second-person plural reflexive pronoun.

   Dere må vaske dere før middagen. ― You must wash yourselves before dinner.

   Har dere skadet dere? ― Have you hurt yourselves?

   dere selv — yourselves, with emphasis.

   Dere må tenke på dere selv også. ― You must think about yourselves too.

   • 1947, Sigurd Hoel, Møte ved milepelen‎^[4], page 213:

     dere gjorde livet tungt og vanskelig for dere selv

     You made life burdensome and difficult for yourselves.

3. (dialectal, rare) you; used to address one person politely.

   Har dere ventet lenge, fru Hansen? ― Have you been waiting long, Mrs Hansen?

   • 1833, Henrik Wergeland, “Execution—Auction—Execution—Auction”, in Didrik Arup Seip, editor, Samlede Skrifter: trykt og utrykt‎^[5], volume III,2, Oslo: Steenske Forlag, published 1933, page 32:

     han havde sagt til Procuratoren: «stel dere hvorledes dere vil»

     He had said to the attorney: “Arrange things however you wish.”

   • 1868, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, “Fiskerjenten”, in Bjørnstjerne Bjørnsons Fortællinger‎^[6], Jubilæumsudgave edition, Kristiania and København: Gyldendalske Boghandel, Nordisk Forlag, published 1907, page 305:

     Å, kjære, go’e, snille Dere!

     Oh, dear, good, kind sir!

   • 1874, Harald Meltzer, Smaabilleder af Folkelivet. Politinotitser, 4th enlarged edition, Christiania: Alb. Cammermeyer, page 110:

     har Dere mere at sige, saa kom frem med det

     If you have anything more to say, then out with it.

   • 1925, Vilhelm Krag, Baldevin: to idyller‎^[7], H. Aschehoug & Co., page 163:

     ja, Dere er vel en fæl en, Dere, Davidsen

     Yes, you are quite a rascal, you, Davidsen.

   • 1926, Cora Sandel, Alberte og Jakob‎^[8], page 71:

     kom hit da frøken, vi venter bare paa Dere

     Come here then, miss; we're only waiting for you.

   • 1960, Jens Bjørneboe, Den onde hyrde‎^[9], page 89:

     pass’på atte Dere ikke får hem’orider!

     Mind you don't get hemorrhoids!

Usage notes

• Dere has the same form as subject, object and reflexive pronoun. Its ordinary plural use is not restricted to informal situations.
• The possessive is deres (“your; yours”), including when the possessor is the subject of the same clause:

  Dere har glemt bøkene deres. ― You have forgotten your books.

• In current Bokmål, dere normally has a lowercase initial, including in correspondence with companies and institutions. The usual capitalization rules still apply at the beginning of a sentence. Older quotations may use Dere.
• The traditional formal pronouns are De as subject and Dem as object. The dialectal singular use of dere illustrated above is now rare.

See also

Norwegian Bokmål personal pronouns

Number	Person	Type	Nominative	Oblique	Possessive
					masculine	feminine	neuter	plural
Singular	First	–	jeg	meg	min	mi	mitt	mine
	Second	general	du	deg	din	di	ditt	dine
		formal (rare)	De	Dem	Deres
	Third	masculine (person)	han	ham / han	hans
		feminine (person)	hun	henne	hennes
		masculine (noun)	den		dens
		feminine (noun)
		neuter (noun)	det		dets
		reflexive	–	seg	sin	si	sitt	sine
Plural	First	–	vi	oss	vår		vårt	våre
	Second	general	dere		deres
		formal (very rare)	De	Dem	Deres
	Third	general	de	dem	deres
		reflexive	–	seg	sin	si	sitt	sine

References

• “dere” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
• “dere” in Norwegian Academy Dictionary (NAOB).
• “Grammatikk 3”, in Norwegian on the Web, NTNU.
• “Høflighetsformene De, Dem og Deres”, Språkrådet.
• Arild H. Henriksen, “personlig pronomen”, in Store norske leksikon.

Anagrams

• -eder, eder, rede

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Middle Norwegian ydher (“you”), with initial d through an unattested intermediate *thydher formed in analogy with thit (“you two”) and ther (“you”), from Old Norse yðr, accusative/dative form of the plural second person pronoun þér, ér. In many dialects, possibly influenced or borrowed from Old East Norse iðʀ, accusative/dative form of the plural second person pronoun íʀ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /²deːɾə/, /ˈdeːɾə/

Pronoun

dere

1. (dialectal, South East Norway) objective case of de; alternative form of dykk (“you (plural)”)

See also

Norwegian Nynorsk personal pronouns

		first person	second person	reflexive	third person
					masculine	feminine	neuter
singular	nominative	eg, je1	du	—	han	ho	det, dat2
	accusative	meg	deg	seg	han, honom1	ho, henne	det, dat2
	dative2	meg	deg	seg	honom1	henne	di2
	genitive	min	din	sin	hans	hennar, hennes1	dess3
plural	nominative	me, vi, mid2	de, dokker, did2, I2	—	dei
	accusative	oss, okker2	dykk, dokker, øder2	seg	dei, deim2
	dative2	oss, okker2	dykk, dokker, øder2	seg	deim2
	genitive	vår, okkar2	dykkar, dokkar, ødar2	sin	deira, deires1

¹Obsolete. ²Landsmål. ³Rare or literary. Italic forms unofficial today.

Old English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈde.re/
• Rhymes: -e.re

Verb

dere

1. singular imperative of derian

Serbo-Croatian

Verb

dere (Cyrillic spelling дере)

1. third-person singular present of derati

Slovene

Verb

dere

1. third-person singular present of dreti

Turkish

dere

Etymology

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish دَرَه (dere), from Classical Persian دَرَه (dara, “valley, crack”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /deˈɾe/, [d̪e̞.ɾe̞]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: de‧re

Noun

dere (definite accusative dereyi, plural dereler)

1. creek, small river

   Coordinate terms: çay, akarsu, nehir, ırmak

2. glen, basin, ravine (a long area of relatively low elevation, often having a stream bed at the bottom, surrounded by mountains or hills, usually smaller than a valley)

Declension

Declension of dere

singular plural nominative dere dereler definite accusative dereyi dereleri dative dereye derelere locative derede derelerde ablative dereden derelerden genitive derenin derelerin Possessive forms nominative singular plural 1st singular derem derelerim 2nd singular deren derelerin 3rd singular deresi dereleri 1st plural deremiz derelerimiz 2nd plural dereniz dereleriniz 3rd plural dereleri dereleri definite accusative singular plural 1st singular deremi derelerimi 2nd singular dereni derelerini 3rd singular deresini derelerini 1st plural deremizi derelerimizi 2nd plural derenizi derelerinizi 3rd plural derelerini derelerini dative singular plural 1st singular dereme derelerime 2nd singular derene derelerine 3rd singular deresine derelerine 1st plural deremize derelerimize 2nd plural derenize derelerinize 3rd plural derelerine derelerine locative singular plural 1st singular deremde derelerimde 2nd singular derende derelerinde 3rd singular deresinde derelerinde 1st plural deremizde derelerimizde 2nd plural derenizde derelerinizde 3rd plural derelerinde derelerinde ablative singular plural 1st singular deremden derelerimden 2nd singular derenden derelerinden 3rd singular deresinden derelerinden 1st plural deremizden derelerimizden 2nd plural derenizden derelerinizden 3rd plural derelerinden derelerinden genitive singular plural 1st singular deremin derelerimin 2nd singular derenin derelerinin 3rd singular deresinin derelerinin 1st plural deremizin derelerimizin 2nd plural derenizin derelerinizin 3rd plural derelerinin derelerinin

Derived terms

• dere tepe
• dere yatağı
• derebeyi
• derede tarla sel için, tepede harman yel için
• dereotu
• dereyi geçerken at değiştirilmez
• dereyi görmeden paçaları sıvamak
• kuru dere

Proper nouns

• Ağaçdere
• Bayramdere
• Beşdere
• Beydere
• Boğazdere
• Bostandere
• Büyükdere
• Değirmendere
• Derebucak
• Dereyolu
• Doğandere
• Gökdere
• Gümüşdere
• Kızıldere
• Uzundere
• Yayladere
• Yeşildere

Further reading

• “dere”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu
• Ayverdi, İlhan (2010), “dere”, in Misalli Büyük Türkçe Sözlük, a reviewed and expanded single-volume edition, Istanbul: Kubbealtı Neşriyatı
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “dere”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

Welsh

Alternative forms

• tyrd (North Wales)
• tyred (North Wales, literary)

Pronunciation

• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ˈdɛrɛ/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ˈdeːrɛ/, /ˈdɛrɛ/

Verb

dere

1. (South Wales) second-person singular imperative of dod

Mutation

Mutated forms of dere

radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
dere	ddere	nere	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Zazaki

Etymology

From Persian دره (darre).

Noun

dere

1. valley