شما

See also: سما

Arabic

Etymology 1

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

شما (form I)

1. inflection of شَمَّ (šamma):
   1. شَمَّا (šammā) /ʃam.maː/:
      1. third-person masculine dual past active
      2. second-person dual active imperative
   2. شُمَّا (šummā) /ʃum.maː/:
      1. second-person dual active imperative
      2. third-person masculine dual past passive

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

شِمَا • (šimā) (form I) /ʃi.maː/

1. second-person dual active imperative of وَشَمَ (wašama)

Persian

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *yúHs

Middle Persian [script needed] (ašmā)der.

Persian شما

From Middle Persian ʾšmʾ, ʿšmʾ (ašmā, išmā, “you”), from Proto-Indo-European *yúHs (“you (plural)”). Compare Southern Luri ایسا (īsâ, “you”) and Bakhtiari ایسا (īsâ, “you”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): /ʃu.ˈmaː/

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [ʃʊ.mɑ́ː]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [ʃʊ.mɑ́ː]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [ʃʊ.mɑ́ː]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [ʃu.mɔ́ː]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [ʃo.mɒ́ː]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [ʃu.mɔ́]

• Rhymes: -aː

Readings
Classical reading?	šumā
Dari reading?	šumā
Iranian reading?	šomâ
Tajik reading?	šumo

• Audio (Iran):

  (file)

Pronoun

شما • (šumā / šomâ)

1. you guys; you (plural)
2. (polite) you (singular)

Descendants

• Judeo-Tat: işmu

See also

Persian personal pronouns (Iranian Persian)

		singular	plural
1st person		مَن (man)	ما (mâ)
2nd person	familiar	تو (to)	شُما (šomâ)
	polite	شُما (šomâ)
3rd person	general	او (u) اون (on)*	آن‌ها (ân-hâ), آنان (ânân) اونا (onâ)*
	formal	وِی (vey)	ایشان (išân)
	polite	ایشان (išân)

* colloquial pronunciations

Persian personal pronouns (Classical and Dari)

			singular		plural
			nominative	accusative5	nominative	accusative5
1st person	general		من (man)	مرا (marā)	ما (mā)	—
	informal1		مه (ma)	مره (mara)		ماره (māra)
2nd person	familiar		تو (tū, tō)2	ترا (turā)	شما (šumā)	—
	formal		شما (šumā)	—
	informal1		—	تره (tura)	شمایا (šumāyā)	شمایاره (šumāyāra)
3rd person, proximal	general		او (ō) آن (ān)	—	آنان (ānān)4 آن‌ها (ān‑hā)4	—
	formal		وی (way)3 ایشان (ēšān)		ایشان (ēšān)
	informal	normal1	او (ū)	اوره (ūra)	اونا (ūnā)	ایناره (ūnāra)
		emphatic I1	اونو (ūnū)	اونوره (ūnūra)	وا (wā)	واره (wāra)
		emphatic II1	اونمو (ūnamū)	اونموره (ūnamūra)	اونموا (ūnamwā)	اونمواره (ūnamwāra)
3rd person, distal	general		این (īn)	—	اینان (īnān) این‌ها (īn‑hā)	—
	informal	normal1	ای (ī)	ایره (īra)	اینا (īnā)	ایناره (īnāra)
		emphatic I1	اینی (īnī)	اینیره (īnīra)	یا (yā)	یاره (yāra)
		emphatic II1	اینمی (īnamī)	اینمیره (īnamīra)	اینمیا (īnamyā)	اینمیاره (īnamyāra)

¹ Only applies to Dari.
² Only applies to Classical Persian.
³ Not formal in Tajik.
⁴ The plural forms آن‌ها and آنان are typically interchangeable.
⁵ All accusative pronouns can be created with the nominative + را; only unique forms are included.

References

• Nourai, Ali (2011), An Etymological Dictionary of Persian, English and other Indo-European Languages, page 538