花

花 U+82B1, 花 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-82B1 ← 芰 [U+82B0] CJK Unified Ideographs 芲 → [U+82B2]

花 U+2F993, 花 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F993 ← 劳 [U+2F992] CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 芳 → [U+2F994]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

花 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+4, 8 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 7 strokes in simplified Chinese and Japanese, Cangjie input 廿人心 (TOP), four-corner 4421₄, composition ⿱艹化)

Derived characters

• 埖, 婲, 㳸, 㬸, 椛, 硴, 糀, 誮, 錵, 蒊

Additional derived characters

• 𫢮, 𠵅, 𢯘, 𰔀, 𤦙, 𮖏, 𰫩, 𬦷, 𬧧, 𰱷, 𩋖, 𩤉, 𩸽
• 𠝐, 𫈪, 𱾇, 𰞯, 𦷌, 𠎍, 𤰏

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1020, character 21
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30734
• Dae Jaweon: page 1478, character 5
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3181, character 7
• Unihan data for U+82B1

• Unihan data for U+2F993

Chinese

trad.		花
simp. #		花
alternative forms		華／华 蘤／花 芲 𠌶

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 花
Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (化) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
訛	*ŋʷaːl
吪	*ŋʷaːl
鈋	*ŋʷaːl
囮	*lu, *ŋʷaːl
魤	*ŋʷaːl
靴	*hʷa
貨	*hŋʷaːls
花	*hʷraː
化	*hŋʷraːls
杹	*hŋʷraːls
匕	*pilʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *hʷraː): semantic 艹 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls). Originally 𠌶 or 華 before the Han dynasty.

Etymology

Unclear.

Possibly of Sino-Tibetan origin. Schuessler (2007) derives it from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *baːr (“bloom, flower”) and thus an example of possible *b ~ *w variation, with final -r moved to medial position. If so, cognate with 葩 (MC phae); outside Sinitic, compare Burmese ပန်း (pan:), Lepcha ᰓᰫᰲ (búr), Mizo páar, etc. Sagart (2021) also connects it to 葩 (OC *pʰˤra), modifying Baxter and Sagart's (2014) reconstruction to *Cə-pʰˤra and proposing the sound changes *Cə-pʰ- > *Cə-ɸ- > *ɸ- > xw-.

Sagart & Baxter (2024) reconstruct 荂 (OC *pʰra) ~ 葩 (OC *pʰˤra) and 荂 (OC *X.pʰra) ~ 花 (OC *X.pʰˤra) (with unknown prefix *X turning labial stops into Middle Chinese fricative initials in 荂 (MC xju) ~ 花 (MC xwae)) (which might have already happened by the time of the Western Zhou dynasty, as shown by the presence of the 于 (OC *ɢʷa) radical in its earliest form 𦻏). Furthermore, they propose cognacy to Proto-Karen *phɔᴬ (“flower”) and reconstruct Proto-Sino-Tibetan *p(h)a (“idem”). Outside Sino-Tibetan, they propose cognacy to Proto-Austronesian *pahpah (“flower, petal; leaf”).

Alternatively, from Austroasiatic; compare Proto-Austroasiatic *bka(ː)ʔ (“flower”) (Schuessler, 2007).

華 (OC *ɡʷraː, “to flower”) is a derivative.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): huā (hua¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄚ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): hua¹

  (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): huǎ

  (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): huà

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): хуа (hua, I)

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): faa¹

  (Dongguan, Jyutping++): faa¹

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): fa¹ / fa^1*

  (Yangjiang, Jyutping++): faa¹

• Gan (Wiktionary): fa¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): fâ

  (Hailu, HRS): fa^ˋ

  (Meixian, Guangdong): fa¹

  (Changting, Changting Pinyin): fa¹

• Jin (Wiktionary): hua¹
• Northern Min (KCR): huá
• Eastern Min (BUC): huă
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hua¹
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): hoe / hoa

  (Teochew, Peng'im): huê¹ / hua¹

  (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): hue¹ / hua¹

• Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): waa¹
• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ¹ho / ¹hua / ¹fa / ¹huo
  • (Jinhua): ¹hua
• Xiang

  (Changsha, Wiktionary): fa¹

  (Loudi, Wiktionary): ho¹

  (Hengyang, Wiktionary): fa¹

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: huā
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄚ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: hua
    • Wade–Giles: hua¹
    • Yale: hwā
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hua
    • Palladius: хуа (xua)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯ä⁵⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed) (花兒 / 花儿)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: huār
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄚㄦ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: huar
    • Wade–Giles: hua¹-ʼrh
    • Yale: hwār
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hual
    • Palladius: хуар (xuar)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: hua¹
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xua
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xua⁵⁵/
  • (Xi'an)
    • Guanzhong Pinyin: huǎ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xua²¹/
  • (Nanjing)
    • Nanjing Pinyin: huà
    • Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): hua¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xua³¹/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хуа (hua, I)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xua²⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: faa¹
    • Yale: fā
    • Cantonese Pinyin: faa¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: fa¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /faː⁵⁵/
  • (Dongguan, Guancheng)
    • Jyutping++: faa¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fa²¹³/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: fa¹ / fa^1*
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fa³³/, /fa³³⁻³³⁵/
  • (Yangjiang Yue, Jiangcheng)
    • Jyutping++: faa¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fa³³/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: fa¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fa⁴²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fâ
    • Hakka Romanization System: fa^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: fa¹
    • Sinological IPA: /fa²⁴/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: fa^ˋ
    • Sinological IPA: /fa⁵³/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: fa¹
    • Sinological IPA: /fa⁴⁴/
  • (Changting)
    • Changting Pinyin: fa¹
    • Sinological IPA: /fa³³/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: hua¹
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /xua¹¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: huá
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xua⁵⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: huă
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hua⁵⁵/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: hua¹
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hua
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hua⁵³³/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: hua¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hua⁵⁴⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Yongchun, Zhangpu, General Taiwanese, Philippines, Singapore)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoe
    • Tâi-lô: hue
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hoef
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Yongchun, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Singapore): /hue⁴⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /hue³³/
    • Sinological IPA (Zhangpu): /huɛ⁵⁵/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese, Penang)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoa
    • Tâi-lô: hua
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hoaf
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Penang): /hua³³/
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hua⁴⁴/

Note:

• Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taiwan:
  • hoe - vernacular;
  • hoa - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: huê¹ / hua¹
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hue / hua
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hue³³/, /hua³³/

Note:

• huê1 - vernacular;
• hua1 - literary.

• (Leizhou)
  • Leizhou Pinyin: hue¹ / hua¹
  • Sinological IPA: /huɛ³⁵/, /hua³⁵/

Note:

• hue1 - vernacular;
• hua1 - literary.

• Southern Pinghua
  • (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
    • Jyutping++: waa¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /βa⁵³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai, Jiading, Songjiang, Chongming, Suzhou, Changzhou, Jiaxing)
    • Wugniu: ¹ho
    • MiniDict: ho^平
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹ho
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ho⁵³/
    • Sinological IPA (Jiading): /ho⁵³/
    • Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /ho⁵³/
    • Sinological IPA (Chongming): /ho⁵⁵/
    • Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /ho⁴⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /ho⁵⁵/
    • Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /ho⁵³/
  • (Northern: Shanghai, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Zhoushan)
    • Wugniu: ¹hua
    • MiniDict: hua^平
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹hua
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /hua⁵³/
    • Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /huɑ⁴⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /hua³³⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Zhoushan): /hua⁵³/
  • (Northern: Songjiang)
    • Wugniu: ¹fa
    • Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /ɸɑ⁵³/
  • (Northern: Shaoxing, Ningbo, Zhoushan)
    • Wugniu: ¹huo
    • MiniDict: huo^平
    • Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /huo⁵²/
    • Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /huo⁵²/
    • Sinological IPA (Zhoushan): /huo⁵³/
  • (Jinhua)
    • Wugniu: ¹hua
    • Sinological IPA (Jinhua): /huɑ³³⁴/

Note:

• 1ho/1huo - vernacular;
• 1hua/1fa - literary.

• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: fa¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɸa̠³³/
  • (Loudi)
    • Wiktionary: ho¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xɔ⁴⁴/
  • (Hengyang)
    • Wiktionary: fa¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fä⁴⁴⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: xwae

Rime
Character	花
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	麻 (99)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	呼瓜切
Baxter	xwae
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hˠua/
Pan Wuyun	/hʷᵚa/
Shao Rongfen	/xua/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hwaɨ/
Li Rong	/xua/
Wang Li	/xwa/
Bernhard Karlgren	/xwa/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	huā
Expected Cantonese Reflex	faa1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʷʰˤra/

  (Zhengzhang): /*hʷraː/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	花
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	huā
Middle Chinese	‹ xwæ ›
Old Chinese	/*qʷʰˁra/
English	flower (n.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	花
Reading #	1/1
No.	5326
Phonetic component	化
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	華
Old Chinese	/*hʷraː/
Notes	俗與華通用

Definitions

花

1. flower; blossom (Classifier: 朵 m c; 支 m c; 蕊 h mn; 束 m c; 把 m; 盆 m c; 簇 m; 紮／扎 c)

   太陽花／太阳花  ―  tàiyánghuā  ―  sunflower

   開花／开花  ―  kāihuā  ―  to blossom

2. florid; flowery

   花花綠綠／花花绿绿  ―  huāhualǜlǜ  ―  colorful

3. pattern; design

   花紋／花纹  ―  huāwén  ―  decorative pattern

4. blurred

   眼花  ―  yǎnhuā  ―  to have blurred vision

5. fireworks

   煙花／烟花  ―  yānhuā  ―  fireworks

6. essence; cream
7. wound; wounded
   • 1998, Chiung Yao, 還珠格格, episode 13, 赵薇 (actor):

     本來呀，我可以狠狠的教訓他一頓，當著所有的太監和宮女面前，打得他臉蛋開花！ [MSC, trad.]
     本来呀，我可以狠狠的教训他一顿，当着所有的太监和宫女面前，打得他脸蛋开花！ [MSC, simp.]

     Běnlái ya, wǒ kěyǐ hěnhēn de jiàoxùn tā yī dùn, dāng zhe suǒyǒu de tàijiān hé gōngnǚ miànqián, dǎ de tā liǎndàn kāi huā! [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 2001, Chiung Yao, 情深深雨濛濛, 49 episodes edition, episode 2, 蘇有朋 (actor):

     你沒有對人家怎麼樣？你看那姑娘臉都花了！ [MSC, trad.]
     你没有对人家怎么样？你看那姑娘脸都花了！ [MSC, simp.]

     Nǐ méiyǒu duì rénjiā zěnmeyàng? Nǐ kàn nà gūniang liǎn dōu huā lei! [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 2004, 臧希, 臧里, “英雄气概（下）” (11:03 from the start), in 家有儿女, season 1, episode 34, 马书良 (actor):

     一进门啊，我先□他个满脸花。让他服软。 [Beijing Mandarin, simp.]
     一進門啊，我先□他個滿臉花。讓他服軟。 [Beijing Mandarin, trad.]

     Yī jìn ménr a, wǒ xiān cèi tā ge mǎn liǎn huā. Ràng tā fúruǎnr. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

8. short for 天花 (tiānhuā, “smallpox”)

   種花／种花  ―  zhònghuā  ―  to vaccinate against smallpox

9. courtesan; prostitute
10. to spend (money, time, etc.); to cost

    這件衣服花了不到一百塊 [MSC, trad.]
    这件衣服花了不到一百块 [MSC, simp.]

    zhè jiàn yīfú huā le bùdào yībǎi kuài [Pinyin]

    This clothing cost less than 100 yuan.

11. profligate
12. (slang) randy; lecherous
13. (slang) to be horny; to womanize
    • 2007, 钱乃荣 [Qian Nairong], 上海话大词典 [Shànghǎihuà dàcídiǎn], 上海辞书出版社, page 52:

      儂又要去花儂個女朋友了是𠲎？ [Shanghainese, trad.]
      侬又要去花侬个女朋友了是𠲎？ [Shanghainese, simp.]

      ⁶non ⁶yeu ⁵iau ⁵chi ¹ho ⁶non ⁸gheq ⁶gniu-ban-yeu ⁰leq ⁶zy-va [Wugniu]

      You're going to seduce your girlfriend again aren't you?

14. false
15. (Cantonese) scratched

    佢著咗呢對鞋兩個月就已經花嗮喇。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    佢着咗呢对鞋两个月就已经花嗮喇。 [Cantonese, simp.]

    keoi⁵ zoek³ zo² ni¹ deoi³ haai⁴ loeng⁵ go³ jyut⁶ zau⁶ ji⁵ ging¹ faa¹ saai³ laa³. [Jyutping]

    He's worn the shoes for only two months and they're already all scratched up.

    個底花嗮／个底花嗮 [Cantonese]  ―  go³ dai² faa¹ saai³ [Jyutping]  ―  to have a bad record

16. (Cantonese, of images, drawings, patterns, etc.) over-colorful; chaotic; messy
17. (Cantonese, mahjong) bonus tile (Classifier: 隻／只 c; 檯／台 c)
18. (Cantonese, card games) flush
19. (Hong Kong) pip (insignia) (Classifier: 粒 c)
    • 1991, Fight Back to School, spoken by Police Commissioner (Scissor Legs) (Barry Wong):

    • 男人婆，同我叫嗮啲膊頭有花嘅即刻上嚟！ [Cantonese, trad.]
      男人婆，同我叫嗮啲膊头有花嘅即刻上嚟！ [Cantonese, simp.]

      naam⁴ jan⁴ po⁴, tung⁴ ngo⁵ giu³ saai³ di¹ bok³ tau⁴ jau⁵ faa¹ ge³ zik¹ kaak¹ soeng⁵ lei⁴! [Jyutping]

      Tomboy, call everyone who has pips on their shoulder to here!

20. (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to extinguish; to put out (of fire)
21. (Quanzhou Hokkien) to disappear (of a scar)
22. (dialectal Mandarin, Northern Wu) clipping of 棉花 (“cotton”)
    • 2016, “啥人家囡兒啥人家花 [Of whose family's this daughter, of whose family these blooms]”‎^[1] (Southern Wuxi folklore tune), performed by 凤娥, 金匱山房主人:

      張家裡囡兒末張家裡花　張家裡囡兒末登勒田中卸棉花 [Northern Wu, trad.]
      张家里囡儿末张家里花　张家里囡儿末登勒田中卸棉花 [Northern Wu, simp.]

      ¹tsan-ka₁-li₀ ⁶noe-gni₂-meq₈ ¹tsan-ka₁-li₀ ¹hu ¹tsan-ka₁-li₀ ⁶noe-gni₂-meq₈ ¹ten-leq₈ ²die-tson₁ ⁵sia ²mie-hu₁ [Wugniu]

      Of the Chang family is this daughter; for the Chang family this cotton blooms. It is a daughter of the Chang family, who unloads cotton here in these fields.

23. (Shanghainese) to tease
    • 2007, 钱乃荣 [Qian Nairong], 上海话大词典 [Shànghǎihuà dàcídiǎn], 上海辞书出版社, page 52:

      儂覅來花我了，我根本覅儂搿本書。 [Shanghainese, trad.]
      侬覅来花我了，我根本覅侬搿本书。 [Shanghainese, simp.]

      ⁶non ⁶viau ⁶le ¹ho-ngu₆-leq₀ ⁶ngu ¹ken-pen₅ ⁶viau ⁶non ⁸geq-pen₆ ¹sy [Wugniu]

      Stop teasing me, I didn't even want your book in the first place.

24. a surname, Hua

Synonyms

• (flower):

Dialectal synonyms of 花朵 (“flower”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		花, 華
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		花朵, 花
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	花兒
	Taiwan	花
	Ulanhot	花兒
	Tongliao	花兒
	Chifeng	花兒
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	花兒
	Shenyang	花
	Singapore	花
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	花
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	花
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	花兒
	Wanrong	花兒
	Zhengzhou	花兒
	Xi'an	花
	Xining	花兒, 花
	Xuzhou	花兒
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	花兒
	Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan)	花
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	花
	Bayanhot	花兒
	Lanzhou	花兒, 花
	Ürümqi	花
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	花
	Wuhan	花
	Guiyang	花
	Kunming	花
	Guilin	花
	Liuzhou	花
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	花
	Yangzhou	花
	Hefei	花
Cantonese	Guangzhou	花
	Hong Kong	花
	Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou)	花
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou)	花
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	花
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	花
	Macau	花
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	花
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	花
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	花
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	花
	Foshan	花
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	花
	Foshan (Shunde)	花
	Foshan (Sanshui)	花
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	花
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	花
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	花
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	花
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	花
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	花
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	花
	Taishan	花
	Kaiping (Chikan)	花
	Enping (Niujiang)	花
	Heshan (Yayao)	花
	Dongguan	花
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	花
	Shaoguan	花
	Yunfu	花
	Yangjiang	花
	Xinyi	花
	Lianjiang	花
	Nanning	花
	Wuzhou	花
	Yulin	花
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	花
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	花
	Singapore (Guangfu)	花
Gan	Nanchang	花
	Lichuan	花
	Pingxiang	花
Hakka	Meixian	花
	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	花
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	花
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	花
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	花
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	花
	Yudu	花
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	花
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	花
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	花
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	花
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	花
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	花
	Hong Kong	花
	Luchuan (Daqiao)	花
	Senai (Huiyang)	花
	Singkawang	花
Huizhou	Jixi	花
Jin	Taiyuan	花兒
	Pingyao	花
	Xinzhou	花兒
	Taibus (Baochang)	花兒
	Linhe	花
	Jining	花兒
	Hohhot	花兒
	Baotou	花兒
	Dongsheng	花兒
	Haibowan	花兒
Northern Min	Jian'ou	花
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	花
	Fuqing	花
	Matsu	花
Southern Min	Xiamen	花, 花蕊
	Quanzhou	花, 花蕊
	Zhangzhou	花, 花蕊
	Taipei	花, 花蕊
	Penang (Hokkien)	花
	Singapore (Hokkien)	花
	Manila (Hokkien)	花
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	花
	Chaozhou	花
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	花
	Singapore (Teochew)	花
	Leizhou	花
	Haikou	花
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	花, 花朵
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	花
Shehua	Fu'an	花
	Fuding	花
	Luoyuan	花
	Sanming	花
	Shunchang	花
	Hua'an	花
	Guixi (Zhangping)	花
	Cangnan	花
	Jingning (Hexi)	花
	Lishui	花
	Longyou	花
	Chaozhou	花
	Fengshun	花
Wu	Shanghai	花
	Shanghai (Chongming)	花
	Suzhou	花
	Hangzhou	花
	Ningbo	花
	Wenzhou	花
	Jinhua	花
Xiang	Changsha	花
	Loudi	花
	Shuangfeng	花
	Quanzhou	花

• (to spend time): (Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew) 使; (Hokkien, Teochew) 開／开
• (cotton):

Dialectal synonyms of 棉花 (“cotton”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		棉花
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	棉花
	Taiwan	棉花
	Harbin	棉花
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	棉花
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	棉花
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	棉花, 花
	Wanrong	棉花, 棉
	Xi'an	棉花, 花
	Xining	棉花
	Xuzhou	棉花
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	棉花
	Lanzhou	棉花
	Ürümqi	棉花
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	棉花
	Wuhan	棉花
	Liuzhou	棉花
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	棉花
	Yangzhou	棉花
	Hefei	棉花
Cantonese	Guangzhou	棉花
	Hong Kong	棉花, 棉
	Yangjiang	棉花
Gan	Nanchang	棉花
	Lichuan	棉花
	Pingxiang	棉花
Hakka	Meixian	棉花
	Yudu	棉花
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	棉仔
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	棉仔
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	棉花, 棉仔
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	棉
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	棉仔
	Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping)	棉仔
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	棉花
Huizhou	Jixi	棉花
Jin	Taiyuan	棉花
	Xinzhou	棉花
Northern Min	Jian'ou	棉花
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	棉花, 棉
Southern Min	Xiamen	棉花
	Quanzhou	棉花
	Zhangzhou	棉花
	Tainan	棉仔
	Chaozhou	棉花
	Leizhou	棉
	Haikou	棉花
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	棉花
Wu	Shanghai	棉花, 花
	Shanghai (Chongming)	棉花
	Suzhou	棉花
	Danyang	棉花
	Hangzhou	棉花
	Ningbo	棉花, 花
	Wenzhou	棉花
	Jinhua	棉花
Xiang	Changsha	棉花
	Loudi	棉花
	Shuangfeng	棉花

Compounds

• 串花
• 九花 (jiǔhuā)
• 乾花 / 干花
• 亂花 / 乱花
• 五花 (wǔhuā)
• 五花茶 (wǔhuāchá)
• 六花
• 冬花 (dōnghuā)
• 冰花 (bīnghuā)
• 加花 (jiāhuā)
• 印花 (yìnhuā)
• 名花 (mínghuā)
• 唐花 (tánghuā)
• 喜花
• 國花 / 国花 (guóhuā)
• 團花 / 团花
• 坐花廳 / 坐花厅
• 堆花
• 壁花
• 壓花 / 压花
• 夏花
• 多花
• 大花
• 大花筒
• 天花 (tiānhuā)
• 女花
• 好花
• 宮花 / 宫花
• 小五花
• 川蟬花 / 川蝉花
• 市花 (shìhuā)
• 帽花
• 心花 (xīnhuā)
• 扎花
• 打花
• 押花
• 拗花
• 挑花
• 拮花
• 拱花
• 捧花 (pěnghuā)
• 採花 / 采花 (cǎihuā)
• 掛花 / 挂花 (guàhuā)
• 探花 (tànhuā)
• 插花 (chāhuā)
• 揚花 / 扬花 (yánghuā)
• 提花
• 摘花
• 撲花 / 扑花
• 撒花 (sǎhuā)
• 攀枝花 (pānzhīhuā)
• 放花
• 旗花
• 昏花 (hūnhuā)
• 春花
• 曇花 / 昙花 (tánhuā)
• 杏花 (xìnghuā)
• 松花 (sōnghuā)
• 校花 (xiàohuā)
• 桂花 (guìhuā)
• 桃花 (táohuā)
• 桃花山 (Táohuāshān)
• 梅花 (méihuā)
• 棉花
• 棣花 (Dìhuā)
• 棉花糖 (miánhuātáng)
• 楊花 / 杨花 (yánghuā)
• 榴花
• 槐花 (huáihuā)
• 榜花
• 橙花
• 櫻花 / 樱花 (yīnghuā)
• 水翁花
• 水花 (shuǐhuā)
• 油花 (yóuhuā)
• 浮花
• 浪花 (lànghuā)
• 淚花 / 泪花 (lèihuā)
• 渾花 / 浑花
• 澆花 / 浇花 (jiāohuā)
• 火花 (huǒhuā)
• 炙棉花
• 烙花 (làohuā)
• 煙花 / 烟花 (yānhuā)
• 燙花 / 烫花 (tànghuā)
• 燈花 / 灯花
• 燭花 / 烛花
• 牙花 (yáhuā)
• 獻花 / 献花 (xiànhuā)
• 珠花
• 球花
• 璇花
• 生花 (shēnghuā)
• 番紅花 / 番红花 (fānhónghuā)
• 當花 / 当花
• 發花 / 发花
• 白花 (báihuā)
• 百花 (bǎihuā)
• 皮花
• 盆花
• 眼花 (yǎnhuā)
• 石花 (shíhuā)
• 碎花
• 禮花 / 礼花
• 秋花
• 種花 / 种花 (zhònghuā)
• 穎花 / 颖花
• 空花
• 窗花 (chuānghuā)
• 簪花 (zānhuā)
• 紅花 / 红花 (hónghuā)
• 紅花套 / 红花套 (Hónghuātào)
• 紫花 (zǐhuā)
• 繡花 / 绣花 (xiùhuā)
• 羞花
• 群花 (qúnhuā)
• 翎花
• 翠花鋪 / 翠花铺 (Cuìhuāpù)
• 背花
• 胸花
• 腦花 / 脑花 (nǎohuā)
• 腰花 (yāohuā)
• 腿花
• 花不棱登 (huābulēngdēng)
• 花不起
• 花乳
• 花事
• 花令
• 花俏 (huāqiào)
• 花信 (huāxìn)
• 花假
• 花兒 / 花儿
• 花兒匠 / 花儿匠
• 花兒樣子 / 花儿样子
• 花兒洞子 / 花儿洞子
• 花兒針 / 花儿针
• 花冠 (huāguān)
• 花冰
• 花判
• 花利
• 花劍 / 花剑 (huājiàn)
• 花功
• 花勝 / 花胜
• 花匠 (huājiàng)
• 花卉 (huāhuì)
• 花叢 / 花丛 (huācóng)
• 花古 (Huāgǔ)
• 花史
• 花名 (huāmíng)
• 花名冊 / 花名册 (huāmíngcè)
• 花呢
• 花和尚 (huāhéshàng)
• 花哄
• 花品
• 花哨 (huāshào)
• 花器 (huāqì)
• 花圃 (huāpǔ)
• 花圈 (huāquān)
• 花國 / 花国
• 花園 / 花园 (huāyuán)
• 花團 / 花团
• 花團錦簇 / 花团锦簇 (huātuánjǐncù)
• 花坪 (Huāpíng)
• 花城 (Huāchéng)
• 花報 / 花报
• 花塢 / 花坞 (huāwù)
• 花壇 / 花坛 (huātán)
• 花多眼亂 / 花多眼乱 (huāduōyǎnluàn)
• 花大姐 (huādàjiě)
• 花大著 / 花大着
• 花天酒地 (huātiānjiǔdì)
• 花好月圓 / 花好月圆 (huāhǎoyuèyuán)
• 花姑
• 花娘 (huāniáng)
• 花子
• 花字
• 花季 (huājì)
• 花容
• 花容月貌 (huāróngyuèmào)
• 花屋
• 花屋脊 (Huāwūjǐ)
• 花崗岩 / 花岗岩 (huāgāngyán)
• 花嶼 / 花屿 (Huāyǔ)
• 花巧
• 花市 (huāshì)
• 花布 (huābù)
• 花帳 / 花帐 (huāzhàng)
• 花帽 (huāmào)
• 花序 (huāxù)
• 花廠 / 花厂
• 花廳 / 花厅
• 花式 (huāshì)
• 花形
• 花彫 / 花雕
• 花徑 / 花径 (huājìng)
• 花心 (huāxīn)
• 花息
• 花戶 / 花户
• 花房 (huāfáng)
• 花打
• 花托 (huātuō)
• 花把勢 / 花把势
• 花招 (huāzhāo)
• 花押 (huāyā)
• 花拳
• 花拳繡腿 / 花拳绣腿 (huāquánxiùtuǐ)
• 花捐 (huājuān)
• 花掉
• 花捲 / 花卷 (huājuǎn)
• 花描
• 花插
• 花教 (Huājiào)
• 花旗 (Huāqí)
• 花旦 (huādàn)
• 花星
• 花會 / 花会 (huāhuì)
• 花朝
• 花期 (huāqī)
• 花朝月夕
• 花木 (huāmù)
• 花木蘭 / 花木兰
• 花朵 (huāduǒ)
• 花材
• 花束 (huāshù)
• 花果 (huāguǒ)
• 花枝 (huāzhī)
• 花林寺 (Huālínsì)
• 花枝招展 (huāzhīzhāozhǎn)
• 花架 (huājià)
• 花柄 (huābǐng)
• 花柳 (huāliǔ)
• 花柱
• 花根
• 花格 (huāgé)
• 花梨
• 花梗 (huāgěng)
• 花棒
• 花棵
• 花椒 (huājiāo)
• 花楸
• 花椰菜 (huāyēcài)
• 花槍 / 花枪
• 花樣 / 花样 (huāyàng)
• 花樓 / 花楼 (Huālóu)
• 花機 / 花机
• 花櫚 / 花榈
• 花毽
• 花池子 (huāchízi)
• 花活 (huāhuó)
• 花海 (huāhǎi)
• 花消
• 花湖 (Huāhú)
• 花炮 (huāpào)
• 花燈 / 花灯 (huādēng)
• 花燈戲 / 花灯戏
• 花燭 / 花烛 (huāzhú)
• 花牆 / 花墙 (huāqiáng)
• 花片 (huāpiàn)
• 花牌 (huāpái)
• 花王 (huāwáng)
• 花環 / 花环 (huāhuán)
• 花瓜
• 花瓣 (huābàn)
• 花瓶 (huāpíng)
• 花生 (huāshēng)
• 花用
• 花田
• 花甲 (huājiǎ)
• 花界
• 花畦
• 花痴 (huāchī)
• 花白 (huābái)
• 花盆 (huāpén)
• 花盒
• 花盤 / 花盘 (huāpán)
• 花相
• 花眼 (huāyǎn)
• 花破
• 花磚 / 花砖 (huāzhuān)
• 花神
• 花稍
• 花童
• 花筒
• 花箋 / 花笺
• 花簇 (huācù)
• 花籃 / 花篮 (huālán)
• 花粉 (huāfěn)
• 花糊
• 花糕 (huāgāo)
• 花紅 / 花红 (huāhóng)
• 花約 / 花约
• 花紅柳綠 / 花红柳绿 (huāhóngliǔlǜ)
• 花紋 / 花纹 (huāwén)
• 花紗布 / 花纱布
• 花絮 (huāxù)
• 花絲 / 花丝 (huāsī)
• 花縣 / 花县 (Huāxiàn)
• 花繡 / 花绣
• 花罈 / 花坛
• 花翎
• 花翠
• 花肥
• 花脣 / 花唇
• 花腔 (huāqiāng)
• 花腿
• 花臉 / 花脸 (huāliǎn)
• 花臣
• 花臺 / 花台 (huātái)
• 花舌 (huāshé)
• 花船
• 花色 (huāsè)
• 芫花 (yuánhuā)
• 花芽 (huāyá)
• 花花世界 (huāhuāshìjiè)
• 花花公子 (huāhuā gōngzǐ)
• 花花搭搭
• 花花綠綠 / 花花绿绿
• 花花腸子 / 花花肠子 (huāhua chángzi)
• 花苗 (huāmiáo)
• 花苞 (huābāo)
• 花茶 (huāchá)
• 花草 (huācǎo)
• 花莖 / 花茎 (huājīng)
• 花菜 (huācài)
• 花著 / 花着 (huāzhāo)
• 花萼 (huā'è)
• 花葯 / 花药 (huāyào)
• 花蓮 / 花莲 (Huālián, “Hualien”)
• 花蕊 (huāruǐ)
• 花蕩 / 花荡
• 花蕾 (huālěi)
• 花虻
• 花蚤
• 花蛤 (huāgé)
• 花蛢
• 花蜜 (huāmì)
• 花街 (huājiē)
• 花街柳巷 (huājiē liǔxiàng)
• 花衣
• 花衫
• 花被
• 花裀
• 花裡胡哨 / 花里胡哨 (huālihúshào)
• 花西 (Huāxī)
• 花言巧語 / 花言巧语 (huāyánqiǎoyǔ)
• 花語 / 花语 (huāyǔ)
• 花貓 / 花猫 (huāmāo)
• 花費 / 花费
• 花賊 / 花贼
• 花賬 / 花账 (huāzhàng)
• 花車 / 花车 (huāchē)
• 花軸 / 花轴 (huāzhóu)
• 花轎 / 花轿 (huājiào)
• 花農 / 花农 (huānóng)
• 花道 (huādào)
• 花邊 / 花边 (huābiān)
• 花郎 (Huāláng)
• 花部
• 花都 (Huādū)
• 花酒 (huājiǔ)
• 花釵 / 花钗
• 花鈿 / 花钿 (huādiàn)
• 花銀 / 花银
• 花銷 / 花销 (huāxiao)
• 花錢 / 花钱 (huāqián)
• 花鎗 / 花枪
• 花鏟 / 花铲
• 花鏡 / 花镜 (huājìng)
• 花門 / 花门
• 花開堪折直須折 / 花开堪折直须折 (huā kāi kān zhé zhí xū zhé)
• 花院
• 花陰 / 花阴 (huāyīn)
• 花障
• 花雕 (huādiāo)
• 花雞坡 / 花鸡坡 (Huājīpō)
• 花露 (huālù)
• 花露水 (huālùshuǐ)
• 花青
• 花面
• 花面狸 (huāmiànlí)
• 花面貓 / 花面猫
• 花鞋
• 花項 / 花项
• 花頭 / 花头 (huātóu)
• 花飾 / 花饰 (huāshì)
• 花香 (huāxiāng)
• 花香鳥語 / 花香鸟语
• 花骨朵 (huāgūduo)
• 花體 / 花体 (huātǐ)
• 花鬚 / 花须
• 花鬨 / 花哄
• 花魁 (huākuí)
• 花魚湖 / 花鱼湖 (Huāyúhú)
• 花鯽 / 花鲫
• 花鳥 / 花鸟 (huāniǎo)
• 花鹽 / 花盐
• 花黃 / 花黄
• 花點子 / 花点子
• 花鼓 (huāgǔ)
• 花鼓戲 / 花鼓戏 (huāgǔxì)
• 茉莉花 (mòlìhuā)
• 茉莉花茶 (mòlìhuā chá)
• 茶花 (cháhuā)
• 荷花 (héhuā)
• 荷花堰 (Héhuāyàn)
• 菊花 (júhuā)
• 著花 (zhuóhuā)
• 菱花
• 菜花 (càihuā)
• 菊花茶 (júhuā chá)
• 萱花
• 葵花 (kuíhuā)
• 落花 (luòhuā)
• 萼花
• 蒔花 / 莳花
• 蓼花 (liǎohuā)
• 蔥花 / 葱花 (cōnghuā)
• 蓮花 / 莲花 (liánhuā)
• 蕘花 / 荛花
• 藏紅花 / 藏红花 (zànghónghuā)
• 藕花 (ǒuhuā)
• 蘆花 / 芦花
• 蘭花 / 兰花 (lánhuā)
• 蘚花 / 藓花
• 蠟花 / 蜡花
• 蠶花 / 蚕花
• 血花
• 補花 / 补花 (bǔhuā)
• 裸花
• 謊花 / 谎花
• 豆花 (dòuhuā)
• 豆蔻花
• 貪花 / 贪花
• 貼花 / 贴花
• 賣花 / 卖花
• 賞花 / 赏花 (shǎnghuā)
• 蹄花
• 郵花 / 邮花
• 酒花 (jiǔhuā)
• 野花 (yěhuā)
• 金銀花 / 金银花 (jīnyínhuā)
• 鉋花 / 刨花
• 銀花 / 银花
• 鏡花 / 镜花
• 鏤花 / 镂花
• 鐵花 / 铁花
• 開花 / 开花 (kāihuā)
• 雄花 (xiónghuā)
• 雌花 (cíhuā)
• 雕花
• 雪花 (xuěhuā)
• 零花 (línghuā)
• 青花 (qīnghuā)
• 風花雪月 / 风花雪月 (fēnghuāxuěyuè)
• 飛花 / 飞花 (fēihuā)
• 香花 (xiānghuā)
• 馬刺花 / 马刺花 (mǎcìhuā)
• 鬧羊花 / 闹羊花
• 魚花 / 鱼花 (yúhuā)
• 鮮花 / 鲜花 (xiānhuā)
• 鳥語花香 / 鸟语花香 (niǎoyǔhuāxiāng)
• 鶯花 / 莺花
• 鹽花 / 盐花 (yánhuā)
• 麻花 (máhuā)
• 黃花 / 黄花 (huánghuā)
• 墨花

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (花):

• → Japanese: 花(か) (ka)
• → Korean: 화(花) (hwa)
• → Vietnamese: hoa (花)

Others:

• → Ai-Cham: hwa¹
• → Zhuang: va

References

• “花”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• “花”, in 《教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典》 [Ministry of Education Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Taiwanese Hokkien), 中華民國教育部 [Ministry of Education, R.O.C.], 2026.

Japanese

Shinjitai	花
Kyūjitai	花󠄁 花+󠄁? (Adobe-Japan1)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

Kanji

花

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

1. flower
2. beauty
3. red-light district

Readings

• Go-on: け (ke)^{←け (ke, historical)←くゑ (kwe, ancient)}
• Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)^{←くわ (kwa, historical)}
• Kun: はな (hana, 花, Jōyō)
• Nanori: あや (aya)、はる (haru)

Compounds

• 花鶏(あとり) (atori)
• 花魁(おいらん) (oiran)
• 花(きゃ)車(しゃ) (kyasha, “dainty, delicate, fragile”, literally “flower car”)
• 紫陽花(アジサイ) (ajisai, “Hydrangea macrophylla, bigleaf hydrangea”)
• 無花果(イチジク) (ichijiku, “fig (tree)”)
• 男郎花(オトコエシ) (otokoeshi)
• 女郎花(オミナエシ) (ominaeshi, “Patrinia scabiosifolia, golden lace”)
• 燕子花(カキツバタ) (kakitsubata, “Iris laevigata, rabbit-ear iris”)
• 金鳳花(きんぽうげ) (kinpōge)
• 石(シャク)楠(ナ)花(ゲ) (shakunage, “one of several species of rhododendron native to east Asia”)
• 沈丁花(ジンチョウゲ) (jinchōge)
• 浪花(なにわ) (Naniwa, “old name for Osaka”)
• 凌霄花(ノウゼンカズラ) (nōzenkazura, “Campsis grandiflora, Chinese trumpet vine”)
• 丁香花(ハシドイ) (hashidoi)
• 白丁花(ハクチョウゲ) (hakuchōge)
• 仏桑花(ブッソウゲ) (bussōge)
• 無窮花(ムグンファ) (mugunfa)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
花
はな Grade: 1
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
華

/pana/ → /fana/ → /hana/

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *pana.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ha̠na̠]

• Audio:

  (file)

• (Tokyo) はな [hànáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])

• (Kyōto, Ōsaka) は​な [háꜜnà] (Kōki)

• (Kyūshū) はな [hàná] (type B)

Noun

花(はな) • (hana) 

1. flower

   花(はな)が咲(さ)く頃(ごろ)

   hana ga saku goro

   when the flowers bloom

   • 1999 February 4, “火(か)炎(えん)草(そう) [Fire Grass]”, in Vol.1, Konami:

     火(か)山(ざん)の近(ちか)くに生(せい)息(そく)する草(くさ)。花(はな)から火(か)炎(えん)を吹(ふ)き攻(こう)撃(げき)する。

     Kazan no chikaku ni seisoku suru kusa. Hana kara kaen o fuki kōgeki suru.

     A grass that grows near volcanoes. It breathes fire from its flowers.

   • 1999 March 1, “ダーク・プラント [Dark Plant]”, in BOOSTER 1, Konami:

     汚(お)染(せん)された土(つち)と闇(やみ)の力(ちから)で育(そだ)てられた花(はな)。とても凶(きょう)暴(ぼう)。

     Osen sareta tsuchi to yami no chikara de sodaterareta hana. Totemo kyōbō.

     A flower that grows from polluted soil and dark powers. It is very nasty.

   • 1999 May 25, “深(しん)淵(えん)に咲(さ)く花(はな) [The Flower That Blooms in the Abyss]”, in BOOSTER 2, Konami:

     光(ひかり)の届(とど)かない深(しん)淵(えん)にひっそりと咲(さ)く、あまり見(み)かけない花(はな)。

     Hikari no todokanai shin'en ni hissori to saku, amari mikakenai hana.

     A rarely seen flower that silently blooms in the depths of the abyss where the sun never shines.

   • 1999 July 5, “命(いのち)ある花(か)瓶(びん) [Living Vase]”, in BOOSTER 3, Konami:

     生(い)けてある花(はな)から、花(か)粉(ふん)を飛(と)ばし噛(か)みついてくる生(い)きている花(か)瓶(びん)。

     Iketearu hana kara, kafun o tobashi kamitsuitekuru ikiteiru kabin.

     A living vase that bites and releases pollen from its living flowers.

2. short for 生け花 (ikebana): flower arrangement
3. short for 花札 (hanafuda): Japanese playing cards
4. the best days of one's life
5. the best thing
6. essence

Compounds

はな

• 花虻(はなあぶ) (hanābu)
• 花一匁(はないちもんめ) (hanaichimonme)
• 花独活(ハナウド) (hanaudo)
• 花占(はなうらな)い (hanauranai)
• 花形(はながた) (hanagata)
• 花瓶(はながめ) (hanagame)
• 花甘藍(はなかんらん) (hanakanran)
• 花(はな)キャベツ (hanakyabetsu)
• 花金(はなきん) (hanakin)
• 花草(はなぐさ) (hanagusa)
• 花言葉(はなことば) (hanakotoba)
• 花(はな)暦(ごよみ) (hanagoyomi, “flower calendar”)
• 花盛(はなざか)り (hanazakari)
• 花忍(ハナシノブ) (hanashinobu)
• 花蘇芳(ハナスオウ) (hanasuō)
• 花相撲(はなずもう) (hanazumō)
• 花(はな)園(ぞの) (hanazono, “flower garden”)
• 花大根(ハナダイコン) (hanadaikon)
• 花蓼(ハナタデ) (hanatade)
• 花(はな)束(たば) (hanataba, “bouquet”)
• 花便(はなたよ)り (hanatayori)
• 花(はな)茶(ちゃ) (hanacha, “flower tea”)
• 花散(はなち)らし (hanachirashi)
• 花摘(はなつ)み (hanatsumi)
• 花時計(はなとけい) (hanatokei)
• 花鳥(ハナドリ) (hanadori)
• 花(はな)の色(いろ) (hana no iro)
• 花(はな)の宴(えん) (hana no en)
• 花(はな)の都(みやこ) (hana no miyako)
• 花牌(はなはい) (hanahai)
• 花畑(はなばたけ) (hanabatake)
• 花蜂(はなばち) (hanabachi)
• 花薄荷(はなはっか) (hanahakka)
• 花(はな)火(び) (hanabi, “fireworks”)
• 花冷(はなび)え (hanabie)
• 花(はな)びら, 花(はな)弁(びら) (hanabira, “flower petal”)
• 花房(はなぶさ) (hanabusa)
• 花札(はなふだ) (hanafuda)
• 花吹雪(はなふぶき) (hanafubuki)
• 花街(はなまち) (hanamachi)
• 花丸(はなまる) (hanamaru)
• 花実(はなみ) (hanami)
• 花珠(はなだま) (hanadama)
• 花(はな)見(み) (hanami, “flower viewing”)
• 花水(はなみず) (hanamizu)
• 花水木(ハナミズキ) (hanamizuki)
• 花道(はなみち) (hanamichi)
• 花御札(はなみふだ) (hanamifuda)
• 花(はな)婿(むこ) (hanamuko, “bridegroom”)
• 花桃(はなもも) (hanamomo)
• 花模様(はなもよう) (hanamoyō)
• 花(はな)屋(や) (hanaya, “florist; flower shop”)
• 花野菜(はなやさい) (hanayasai)
• 花(はな)嫁(よめ) (hanayome, “bride”)
• 花(はな)輪(わ) (hanawa, “garland; wreath”)
• 花蕨(はなわらび) (hanawarabi)
• 赤花(アカバナ) (akabana)
• 徒花(あだばな) (adabana)
• 生(い)け花(ばな) (ikebana), 生(いけ)花(ばな) (ikebana, “Japanese flower arranging”)
• 卯(う)の花(はな) (u no hana)
• 烏帽子花(えぼしばな) (eboshibana)
• 押(お)し花(ばな) (oshibana)
• 白粉花(オシロイバナ) (oshiroibana)
• 尾花(おばな) (obana)
• 雄花(おばな) (obana)
• 狐花(きつねばな) (kitsunebana)
• 草花(くさばな) (kusabana)
• 車花(クルマバナ) (kurumabana)
• 黄金花(コガネバナ) (koganebana)
• 小米花(こごめばな) (kogomebana)
• この花(はな) (konohana)
• 木(き)の花(はな) (ki no hana)
• 桜花(さくらばな) (sakurabana)
• 末摘花(すえつむはな) (suetsumuhana)
• 皇(すべらぎ)の花(はな) (suberagi no hana)
• 松明花(タイマツバナ) (taimatsubana)
• 高嶺(たかね)の花(はな) (takane no hana)
• 立花(たちばな) (Tachibana)
• 出花(でばな) (debana)
• 塔花(トウバナ) (tōbana)
• 菜(ナ)の花(ハナ) (na no hana)
• 菜花(なばな) (nabana)
• 彼岸花(ヒガンバナ) (higanbana)
• 一花(ひとはな) (hitohana)
• 火(ひ)花(ばな) (hibana, “spark”, literally “fire flower”)
• 鵯花(ヒエバナ) (hiebana)
• 不香(ふきょう)の花(はな) (fukyō no hana)
• 紅花(ベニバナ) (benibana)
• 六(む)つの花(はな) (mutsu no hana)
• 雌花(めばな) (mebana)
• 綿花(わたばな) (watabana)

Descendants

• → Amis: hana
• → Yami: hana

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
花
か Grade: 1
on'yomi

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ka̠]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Audio:

  (file)

Affix

花(か) • (ka) ^{←くわ (kwa)?}

1. flower
2. red-light district

Compounds

か

• 花街(かがい) (kagai)
• 花冠(かかん) (kakan)
• 花(か)期(き) (kaki, “flowering season”)
• 花(か)壇(だん) (kadan, “flowerbed”)
• 花鳥(かちょう) (kachō)
• 花被(かひ) (kahi, “perianth”)
• 花(か)瓶(びん) (kabin, “vase”)
• 花(か)粉(ふん) (kafun, “pollen”)
• 花(か)弁(べん) (kaben, “petal”)
• 花(か)蜜(みつ) (kamitsu, “nectar”)
• 花柳(かりゅう) (karyū)
• 花(カ)梨(リン) (karin, “Pseudocydonia sinensis, Chinese quince”)
• 花(カ)櫚(リン) (karin, “Pterocarpus indicus, Burmese rosewood”)
• 桜(おう)花(か) (ōka, “cherry blossom”)
• 開(かい)花(か) (kaika, “flowering; blooming”)
• 款冬花(かんとうか) (kantōka)
• 鏡(きょう)花(か)水(すい)月(げつ) (kyōka suigetsu, “metaphor for something that can be seen but not touched”, literally “flower in a mirror, moon in the water”)
• 金銀花(キンギンカ) (kinginka)
• 桂花(けいか) (keika)
• 芫花(げんか) (genka)
• 午時花(ゴジカ) (gojika)
• 山(サ)茶(ザン)花(カ) (sazanka, “Camellia sasanqua, sasanqua”)
• 雪花(せっか) (sekka)
• 天花(てんか) (tenka)
• 桃(とう)花(か) (tōka, “peach blossom”)
• 梅花(ばいか) (baika)
• 鳳仙花(ホウセンカ) (hōsenka)
• 梵天花(ボンテンカ) (bontenka)
• 茉莉花(マツリカ) (matsurika)
• 落(らっ)花(か) (rakka, “falling leaves”)

References

• “花”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[3] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Kikai

Kanji

花

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

• Kun: ふぁな (fana, 花)

Etymology

Cognate to Japanese 花 (はな, hana).

Noun

花(ふぁな) (fana) 

1. flower

References

• “ふぁな【花】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 花 (MC xwae).

Historical readings
Dongguk Jeongun reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	황 (Yale: hwà)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
	Gloss (hun)	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[4]	곳 (Yale: kwòs)	화 (Yale: hwà)

Historical readings

• Recorded as Middle Korean 황 (Yale: hwaG) in Gugeupbangeonhae (救急方諺解 / 구급방언해), 1466.
• Recorded as Middle Korean 화 (Yale: hwa) in Gugeupgan'ibang (救急簡易方 / 구급간이방), 1489.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ɸwa̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [화]

Hanja

花 (eumhun 꽃 화 (kkot hwa))

1. Hanja form^? of 화 (“flower”). [affix]

Compounds

Compounds

• 개화 (開花, gaehwa)
• 국화 (國花, gukhwa)
• 매화 (梅花, maehwa)
• 무궁화 (無窮花, mugunghwa)
• 생화 (生花, saenghwa)
• 연화 (蓮花, yeonhwa)
• 화단 (花壇, hwadan)
• 화목 (花木, hwamok)
• 화원 (花園, hwawon)
• 화전 (花煎, hwajeon)
• 화초 (花草, hwacho)
• 화투 (花鬪, hwatu)
• 화향 (花香, hwahyang)
• 화환 (花環, hwahwan)
• 화훼 (花卉, hwahwe)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [5]

Kunigami

Kanji

花

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

• Kun: ぱなー (panā, 花)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pʰanaː/

Noun

花(ぱなー) (panā) 

1. flower

Miyako

Kanji

花

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

• Kun: ぱな (pana, 花)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pana/

Noun

花(ぱな) (pana) 

1. flower

Okinawan

Kanji

花

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

• Kun: はな (hana, 花, Jōyō)、ふぁな (fana, 花)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
花
はな Grade: 1
kun'yomi

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /hana/

Noun

花(はな) (hana) 

1. (Shuri, Naha) flower

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
花
ふぁな Grade: 1
kun'yomi

Noun

花(ふぁな) (fana) 

1. (Tancha) flower

References

• “ふぁな【花】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

Tày

Noun

花 (hoa, hoà, và)

1. Nôm form of hoa (“flower”).

   迕泣𫡱𫰇弍害花

   Ngộ chập soong noọng nhỉ hải hoa

   Meeting two beautiful girls picking flowers

References

• Dương Nhật Thanh; Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003), Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎^[6] (in Tày and Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học xã hội [Social Sciences Publishing House]

Vietnamese

Han character

花: Hán Việt readings: hoa (呼(hô)瓜(qua)切(thiết)), huê
花: Nôm readings: hoa, huê, oa, ba

1. chữ Hán form of hoa (“flower”)

Compounds

• 炮花 (pháo hoa)

Yaeyama

Kanji

花

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

• Kun: ぱな (pana, 花)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pana/

Noun

花(ぱな) (pana) 

1. flower

Yonaguni

Kanji

花

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

• Kun: はな (hana, 花, Jōyō)

Noun

花(はな) (hana) 

1. はな: flower