French Thrid Republic
Republic of France République française | |
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 Banner
 Coat o airms
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 The Republic of France in August 1939
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 Launds and auchts of the Republic in 1939
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| Caipital | Pairis 48°52′13″N 02°18′59″E / 48.87028°N 2.31639°ECoordinates: 48°52′13″N 02°18′59″E / 48.87028°N 2.31639°E |
| Maistmuckle city | capital |
| Common leids | French (official) Gallo-Romance Occitano-Romance Gallo-Italic |
| Releegion | |
| Govrenment | Unitary pairliamentary republic
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| Praisident | |
• 1870–1871 (foremaist) | Louis-Jules Trochu |
• 1932–1940 (hindmaist) | Albert Lebrun |
| Prime Minister | |
• 1870–1871 (foremaist) | Louis Jules Trochu |
• 1940 (hindmaist) | Paul Reynaud |
| Legislatur | Pairliament |
• Ower Hous | Senate |
• Lawer Hous | Chaumer of Deputes |
| Area | |
| 1894 (Metropolitan France) | 536,464 km2 (207,130 sq mi) |
| 1938 (as weel as colonies) | 13,500,000[1][2] km2 (5,200,000 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• 1938 (as weel as colonies) | 150,000,000[3] |
| Currency | French franc |
The Third Republic of France (French: Troisième République, whiles written as La IIIe République) wis the system of government adoptit in France frae 4 September 1870, whan the Saicont Empire of France collapsed durin the Franco-Prussian Weir, or 10 Julie 1940, efter the Faw of France in Warld Weir II resultit in the foundin of the Vichy government. The Third Republic of France wis a pairliamentary republic.
The airly days of the Third Republic of France wir dominatit bi political stramash brocht on wi the Franco-Prussian Weir of 1870-1871, whilk the Third Republic keepit up efter the faw of Emperor Napoleon III in 1870. Social squabash and the Pairis Commune preceidit the hindmaist defait. The Empire of Germany, made kent bi the invaders in the Pailace of Versailles, teuk the pairts of France kent as Alsace (keepin the Territoire de Belfort) and Lorraine (the nor-aest pairt, kent the day as the depairtment of Moselle). The airly governments of the Third Republic of France considered re-foundin the monarchy, but disagreeances as tae the naitur of thon monarchy and the richtfu beirer of the croun cuidna be sattle’t. Ower the heids of this, the Third Republic, oreiginally ettled tae be an interlocutory government, insteid became the permanent form of government in France.
The French constitutional laws of 1875 laid doun the mak-up of the Third Republic. It wis made up of a Chaumer of Deputes and a Senate tae mak the law-makkin brainch of government and a praisident tae sair as heid of state. Caws for the re-foundin of the monarchy dominatit the offices of the first twa praisidents, Adolphe Thiers and Patrice de MacMahon. Housomever, growin support for the republican form of government amang the French popular and a tring of republican praisidents in the 1880s slawly smoored howps of a restauration wi the republic bein seen as, in the wirds of Thiers, “the form of government that divides us the laest”.
The Third Republic estaiblished a fouth of French colonial auchts, amang thaim French Indochina, French Madagascar, French Polynesia, and muckle territories in Wast Africa durin the Scramble for Africa, aw of thaim gotten in the hindmaist twa decades of the 19t century. The airly years of the 20t century wir dominatit bi the Democratic Republican Alliance, whilk stertit aff as a centre-left political alliance, but ower time became the main centre-richt pairty. The period frae the stert of Warld Weir I tae the late 1930s featured shairply polarised politics, atween the Democratic Republic Alliance and the Radicals. The government fell less nor a year efter the oncome of Warld Weir II, whan the Nazis occupied the feck of France, and wis replaced bi the rival governments of Charles de Gaulle’s Free France ((La France libre) and Philippe Pétain's French State (L'État français).
Out-throu the 19t and 20t centuries, the colonial empire of France wis the saicont mucklest colonial empire in the warld anely ahint the Empire of Britain; it raxed ower 13,500,000 km2 (5,200,000 sq mi) of land at its heicht in the 1920s and 1930s. Journalist Raymond Recouly wrate in 1931 that of aw the Pouers in Europe, anely France cuid offer baith a sonsie metropolitan and colonial militar career.[4] In terms of population houaniver, on the eve of Warld Weir II, France and its colonial auchts totted anely 150 million indwallers, forbye 330 million for British India alane.
Adolphe Thiers cried republicanism in the 1870s “the form of government that divides France the laest”; housomever, the politics unner the Third Republic wis shairply polarised. On the left stuid reformist France, heir tae the French Revolution. On the richt stuid conservative France, ruitit in the paisantry, the Catholic Kirk, and the airmy.[5] Maugre France’s shairply dividit electorate and constant ettles tae whummle it, the Third Republic held on for 70 year, whilk maks it the langest-lestin system of government in France syne the faw of the Ancien Régime in 1789.[6]
References
[eedit | edit soorce]- ↑ Aldrich 1996, p. 304.
- ↑ Page, Melvin E., ed. (2003). Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 218. ISBN 9781576073353. Archived frae the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
- ↑ Priestley, Herbert Ingram (1938). France overseas: A Study of Modern Imperialism. pp. 440–441.
- ↑ Recouly, R. (1931). Joffre. Paris: Éditions des Portiques.
- ↑ Maurice, Larkin (2002). Religion, Politics and Preferment in France since 1890: La Belle Époque and its Legacy. Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-521-52270-0.
- ↑ Fitzsimmons, Michael P. "The Night the Old Regime Ended: August 4, 1789 and the French Revolution. Penn State University Press.
