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Axiom Mission 1

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Axiom Mission 1
Ax-1 approaching the ISS
NamesAx-1
Mission typePrivate spaceflight to the ISS
Operator
COSPAR ID2022-037A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.52204Edit this on Wikidata
Websiteaxiomspace.com/ax1
Mission duration17 days, 1 hour, 49 minutes
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftCrew Dragon Endeavour
Spacecraft typeCrew Dragon
ManufacturerSpaceX
Launch mass12,519 kg (27,600 lb)
Landing mass9,616 kg (21,200 lb)
Crew
Crew size4
Members
Start of mission
Launch dateApril 8, 2022, 15:17:12 (2022-04-08UTC15:17:12Z) UTC (11:17:12 am EDT)[1]
RocketFalcon 9 Block 5 B1062-5
Launch siteKennedy, LC‑39A
ContractorSpaceX
End of mission
Recovered byMV Megan
Landing dateApril 25, 2022, 17:06 (2022-04-25UTC17:07Z) UTC[2]
Landing siteAtlantic Ocean
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric orbit
RegimeLow Earth orbit
Inclination51.66°
Docking with ISS
Docking portHarmony zenith
Docking dateApril 9, 2022, 12:29 UTC
Undocking dateApril 25, 2022, 01:10 UTC
Time docked15 days, 12 hours, 41 minutes

Axiom Mission 1 patch (left) and the Rakia Mission Logo (right)

Clockwise from left: Connor, Stibbe, Pathy and López-Alegría

Axiom Mission 1 (or Ax-1)[3] was a privately funded and operated crewed mission to the International Space Station (ISS). The mission was operated by Axiom Space out of Axiom's Mission Control Center MCC-A[4] in Houston, Texas. The flight launched on April 8, 2022, from Kennedy Space Center in Florida.[5] The spacecraft used was a SpaceX Crew Dragon. The crew consisted of Michael López-Alegría,[6] a Spaniard-American and a professionally trained astronaut hired by Axiom, Eytan Stibbe[7] from Israel,[8] Larry Connor from the United States,[8] and Mark Pathy from Canada.[8]

Background

[edit]

Axiom Space was founded in 2016 with the goal of creating the world's first commercial space station. In early 2020, NASA announced that Axiom had been granted access to the forward port of the ISS' Harmony module, to which Axiom plans to berth the first node of the Axiom Orbital Segment; a complex that could grow to five pressurized modules after 2024 with a large observation window – similar to the current Cupola mounted on the Nadir side of Tranquility. This new addition to the ISS will be able to facilitate the company's activities in low Earth orbit.[9] Prior to the first module's launch as early as 2024, Axiom planned to organize and fly crewed missions to the ISS, consisting of either paying private astronauts or astronauts from public agencies or private organizations.[10] In March 2020, Axiom announced they would charter a flight to the ISS with SpaceX's Crew Dragon spacecraft as early as late 2021.[11] This mission is the first wholly commercially operated crewed mission to the ISS, and one of the first dedicated orbital private crew missions, alongside Roscosmos' Soyuz MS-20 mission in December 2021.[12] Following their first flight, Axiom plans to offer crewed flights to the ISS as often as twice per year, "aligning with the flight opportunities as they are made available by NASA".[13]

Crew

[edit]

Michael López-Alegría was chosen as a commercial astronaut.[6] The other three seats were reserved for space tourists, announced to cost US$55 million each.[14]

Following the launch of Crew Dragon Demo-2 in May 2020, the first crewed test flight of Dragon 2, Axiom CEO Michael Suffredini said that they planned to announce the names of the crew in "a month or so";[15] Ars Technica reported that the full crew complement would "probably be unveiled in January 2021".[16] On January 26, 2021, Axiom revealed the full crew of the mission, consisting of Michael López-Alegría, Larry Connor, Mark Pathy and Eytan Stibbe.[17][18][19][20][21] They also announced Peggy Whitson as the backup commander for the mission and John Shoffner as backup pilot.[22][23] Eytan Stibbe's backup was his daughter Dr. Shir Stibbe.[24] Michael Lopez-Alegria is a former NASA astronaut and Axiom Space VP.[25] John Shoffner is an airshow pilot and entrepreneur, and not an Axiom employee nor a government trained astronaut.[18] Peggy Whitson is a former NASA astronaut and Axiom consultant.[25]

It was reported that actor Tom Cruise and film producer Doug Liman would be passengers for a movie project,[26] but it was later announced that they would fly on a subsequent flight.[27]

Prime crew
Position Astronaut
Commander Michael López-Alegría, Axiom Space
Fifth spaceflight
Pilot Larry Connor
First spaceflight
Space tourist
Mission specialist Eytan Stibbe
First spaceflight
Space tourist
Mission specialist Mark Pathy
First spaceflight
Space tourist
Backup crew
Position Astronaut
Commander Peggy Whitson, Axiom Space
Pilot John Shoffner
Space tourist
Mission specialist Shir Stibbe
Space tourist

Mission

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The mission launched at 11:17 EDT on April 8, 2022.[5] It launched atop a Falcon 9 Block 5 launch vehicle from Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex 39A (LC-39A), a NASA-owned launch pad leased to SpaceX for Falcon 9 launches. The mission was flown aboard Crew Dragon Endeavour, which previously supported the Crew Dragon Demo-2 and SpaceX Crew-2 missions.[28] From there the spacecraft spent less than a day in transit to the station and dock with Harmony, where they were planned to spend ten days aboard the International Space Station (ISS).[29] Following their time on the ISS, the spacecraft undocked with plans to return to Earth via a splashdown in the Atlantic Ocean. Bad weather in the landing zone delayed the return,[30] as result the crew spent 16 days docked to the ISS for a total of 17 days in orbit.[2]

It was revealed that the "zero-g indicator" aboard the first private mission to visit the International Space Station was a toy dog called Caramel, the mascot for the Montreal Children's Hospital Foundation.[31]

During their days aboard the ISS, the private crew conducted more than 25 different research experiments.[32]

Connor also carried aboard three items on behalf of the Armstrong Air & Space Museum. With Connor being an Ohio-native, the items included a John Glenn senatorial campaign button, a patch of the Armstrong Air & Space Museum, and a piece of Kapton foil removed from the Apollo 11 Command Module after splashdown.[33]

Rakia

[edit]

The Israeli mission segment was the Rakia Mission, meaning "sky" in Hebrew and is also the title of the book published with Ilan Ramon's diary fragments that survived the 2003 Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.[34] The mission carried both experiments and an art piece by Udi Edelman and Hadas Gur-Arie. Israeli artists contributed 15 works inspired by space exploration and designed to function in or react to microgravity, exploring the intersection of human creativity and the space environment.[35]

Experiments

[edit]

The Rakia mission carried dozens of scientific experiments and technological demonstrations. A science committee that included leading figures in Israeli academia, led by Inbal Kreiss, selected projects from diverse fields such as medicine, astrophysics, and agriculture.[36] Some experiments included:

  • Fluidic Telescope (FLUTE): The Technion in collaboration with NASA's Ames Research Center to test the production of high-quality optical lenses in microgravity by shaping liquid polymers. [37] This experiment demonstrated the potential for manufacturing large-scale telescopes in space.[38]
  • ILAN-ES: An atmospheric research project focused on observing Transient Luminous Events (TLEs) that are short-lived, high-altitude electrical breakdown phenomena that occur far above normal thunderstorm clouds and lightning from space. [39] The experiment builds on the legacy of the MEIDEX project conducted by Ilan Ramon aboard Space Shuttle Columbia (STS-107) in 2003. [40] Following its success on Ax-1, ILAN-ES became a recurring payload on subsequent missions, including Ax-2 and Ax-3. [41] For the Ax-4 mission, the project evolved into the UHU experiment, an international collaboration with the Hungarian Space Program (HUNOR).[42]
  • Brain.space: A study of electrical brain activity (EEG) to monitor cognitive function and neural changes in astronauts, providing data on how the brain adapts to microgravity. [43]  [44]
  • CRISPR Diagnosis: A proof-of-concept for using gene-editing technology [45] for the rapid detection of pathogens in space, essential for long-term Lunar or other deep space missions.[46][47]
  • AstroRad Radiation Vest: A test of the StemRad-developed protective suit designed to shield astronauts from cosmic radiation. Stibbe wore the vest during daily activities to evaluate its ergonomics and comfort for future space missions. [48]  The vest was successfully tested on the lunar Artemis 1 mission around the moon, in November 2022.[49]
  • Flexible Antenna (NSLComm): A technological demonstration of a deployable, fabric-based antenna designed to enable high-bandwidth communications for nano-satellites. The experiment successfully validated the antenna's deployment mechanism in microgravity.[50]

Legacy

[edit]

After Rakia's stay on the ISS concluded Rakia transitioned into a Public Benefit Company (PBC) focused on the long-term development of the Israeli space ecosystem. The organization facilitates access to microgravity research for entrepreneurs and researchers while aligning Israeli technology with international exploration goals, including the Artemis program.[51] Notable projects post-mission include:

  • Israel Space Forum: Rakia established this collaborative platform to unite space-tech companies, government agencies, and academic researchers. The forum aims to accelerate technological growth within the global NewSpace economy and coordinate Israeli contributions to future lunar and Martian missions. [52][53]
  • Space Campus IL: The organization leads Israel's first student space community, which connects university students with industry professionals. This initiative focuses on developing the next generation of space professionals through academic collaborations and specialized training programs.[54]
  • Cultural and Artistic Initiatives: Rakia continues to manage a cultural branch that grew from the Ax-1 mission. This includes curating art exhibitions designed for space, hosting conferences on the intersection of humanity and technology, and promoting "Space for All" through public outreach.[55][56][57]
  • Educational Leadership: The mission's long-term impact on global space education was highlighted in 2025 with the appointment of Eytan Stibbe as Chancellor of the International Space University (ISU).[58][59]
  • International collaborations: During Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4), Rakia collaborated on international educational and space-related initiatives connected to the mission and its participating astronauts, including Indian astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla.[60] As part of the mission, Rakia and the HUNOR Hungarian Space Program also collaborated on the UHU (Upper Atmosphere – Hungarian Universe) experiment conducted aboard the International Space Station.[61]
[edit]
Axiom Mission 1

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "Ax-1 now targeting April 8th launch". April 3, 2022. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
  2. 1 2 "Ax-1 crew returns safely to Earth, successfully completing first all-private astronaut mission to ISS". April 25, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
  3. ↑ "NASA, Axiom Agree to First Private Astronaut Mission on Space Station". NASA. May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  4. ↑ "Axiom Space's Mission Control Center Ready to Support Upcoming Ax-1 Mission to International Space Station". Axiom Space. March 29, 2022. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
  5. 1 2 "NASA Launch Schedule". NASA. March 28, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
  6. 1 2 Irene Klotz [@Free_Space] (September 18, 2020). "SpaNSFce Hero mission is about 4th on @Axiom_Space manifest, Mike Suffredini tells @AviationWeek. First up in October '21 is flight of 3 private individuals and former @NASA_Astronauts Mike Lopez-Algeria" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  7. ↑ "Israel's second astronaut to blast off to space in 2021". November 16, 2020.
  8. 1 2 3 Pearlman, Robert Z. (January 26, 2021). "Axiom Space Names First Private Crew to Visit Space Station". Scientific American. Scientific American.
  9. ↑ "Axiom selected by NASA for access to International Space Station port". Axiom Space. January 27, 2020.
  10. ↑ "Axiom Space - National Astronaut Missions". Axiom Space.
  11. ↑ Ralph, Eric (March 9, 2020). "SpaceX space tourism ambitions made real with Crew Dragon's first private contract". Teslarati.
  12. ↑ "Roscosmos signs new contract on flight of two space tourists to ISS". TASS. February 19, 2019.
  13. ↑ "Axiom Space plans first-ever fully private human spaceflight mission to International Space Station". Axiom Space. March 5, 2020.
  14. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (March 5, 2020). "There Are 2 Seats Left for This Trip to the International Space Station". The New York Times.
  15. ↑ Sheetz, Michael [@thesheetztweetz] (June 3, 2020). "Axiom Space CEO Mike Suffredini said his company's private trip to the ISS with SpaceX is scheduled for October 2021, so Demo-2 helped "our customers know that it's going to be real". Axiom plans to announce the 3 passengers in a month or so. https://t.co/31f2YNI2gO" (Tweet). Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2021 – via Twitter.
  16. ↑ Berger, Eric (January 5, 2021). "There are an insane amount of cool space things happening in 2021". arstechnica.com. Ars Technica. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
  17. ↑ Davenport, Christian (January 26, 2021). "Meet the people paying US$55 million each to fly to the space station". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  18. 1 2 "Axiom Space names first private crew to launch to space station". collectSPACE. January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  19. ↑ Dunn, Marcia (January 26, 2021). "1st private space crew paying US$55 million each to fly to station". AP News.
  20. ↑ Axiom Space [@Axiom_Space] (January 26, 2021). "The first private ISS crew in the history of humankind has been assembled. Commander Michael López-Alegría, Mission Pilot Larry Connor, Mission Specialist Mark Pathy, Mission Specialist Eytan Stibbe, Axiom Mission 1 (Ax-1): The start of a new era" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  21. ↑ Sheetz, Michael (January 26, 2021). "Axiom Space unveils two investors will fly on the first fully-private SpaceX crew mission to the ISS". CNBC. Archived from the original on February 2, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
  22. ↑ Axiom Space [@Axiom_Space] (January 26, 2021). "Ax-1 backup commander @AstroPeggy" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  23. ↑ Griffin, Andrew (January 26, 2021). "Axiom Space revela la primera tripulación comercial que viajará a la Estación Espacial Internacional". The Independent. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  24. ↑ Rimon, Ran (April 5, 2022). "Israeli astronaut awaits launch for 10-day stay at International Space Station". Ynetnews.
  25. 1 2 "What would you ask an astronaut, given the chance?". Axiom Space. October 8, 2020.
  26. ↑ "Tom Cruise is officially going to space for his next movie". September 22, 2020.
  27. ↑ Cohen, Li (October 11, 2022). "Tom Cruise plans to film a movie in space — and could be the first civilian to do a spacewalk". CBS News. Retrieved January 1, 2023.
  28. ↑ Margetta, Robert (February 2, 2022). "NASA, Space Station Partners Approve First Axiom Mission Astronauts". NASA. Retrieved February 3, 2022.
  29. ↑ Kelly, Emre (March 5, 2020). "Axiom signs contract with SpaceX to fly Crew Dragon on first fully private ISS mission". Florida Today.
  30. ↑ "Ax-1 Crew Update: Flight Day 12, Undocking delayed". April 19, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
  31. ↑ "Hospital mascot, not Disney rabbit, floats on Axiom-1 mission as zero-g indicator". collectSPACE.com. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
  32. ↑ "Axiom Space Ax-1 mission to expand health, technology researchers' access to ISS". Axiom Space. March 17, 2022. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
  33. ↑ "Axiom-1 mission all-private crew to make and carry history on space station".
  34. ↑ New Details Emerge About Israeli Astronaut's Upcoming Space Mission
  35. ↑ Shemer, Simona (April 13, 2022). "Rakia Mission Includes 11 Works Created For Subgravity Conditions". NoCamels. Retrieved May 25, 2026.
  36. ↑ Solomon, Shoshanna (May 5, 2021). "Israel unveils chosen space experiments, from battery cells to leukemia cells". The Times of Israel. ISSN 0040-7909. Retrieved May 25, 2026.
  37. ↑ "NASA TechPort". techport.nasa.gov. Retrieved May 25, 2026.
  38. ↑ ben-oz, shlomi (May 5, 2021). "Israeli to Take Technion Experiments to Space". הטכניון-מכון טכנולוגי לישראל. Retrieved May 25, 2026.
  39. ↑ "Rakia". www.rakiamission.com. Retrieved May 25, 2026.
  40. ↑ "ILAN-ES". ramon foundation. May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2026.
  41. ↑ "Israeli Science Joins a Global Space Effort: This Week in Space". Magazine | Davidson Institute of Science Education. Retrieved May 25, 2026.
  42. ↑ www.effix.hu, Effix Marketing. "HUN-REN EPSS » The UHU experiment of HUN-REN EPSS on the ISS". Retrieved May 25, 2026.
  43. ↑ "Space Mission – brain.space". Retrieved May 25, 2026.
  44. ↑ Scheer, Steven (March 28, 2022). "Israeli startup to test brain-activity gear on space mission to ISS". Reuters.
  45. ↑ "Diagnosing Diseases in Space". Tel Aviv University. July 6, 2022. Retrieved May 25, 2026.
  46. ↑ Stahl-Rommel, Sarah; Li, David; Sung, Michelle; Li, Rebecca; Vijayakumar, Aarthi; Atabay, Kutay Deniz; Bushkin, G. Guy; Castro, Christian L.; Foley, Kevin D.; Copeland, D. Scott; Castro-Wallace, Sarah L.; Alvarez Saavedra, Ezequiel; Gleason, Emily J.; Kraves, Sebastian (2021). "A CRISPR-based assay for the study of eukaryotic DNA repair onboard the International Space Station". PLOS ONE. 16 (6) e0253403. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1653403S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253403. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8244870. PMID 34191829.
  47. ↑ "Rakia". www.rakiamission.com. Retrieved May 25, 2026.
  48. ↑ Ovadia, Yafit (July 23, 2021). "Nuclear reactor explosions or cosmic radiation? StemRad's vests have got it covered". CTECH.
  49. ↑ "Successful results of the Israeli experiment with the radiation-protective vest in Artemis 1". סוכנות החלל הישראלית. Archived from the original on December 6, 2025. Retrieved May 25, 2026.
  50. ↑ "Axiom Space Research | Nano ISS Antenna". www.axiomspace.com. Retrieved May 25, 2026.
  51. ↑ ""Space is closer than ever - and the business opportunities are vast"". ctech. October 20, 2024. Retrieved May 25, 2026.
  52. ↑ "Rakia". www.rakiamission.com. Retrieved May 25, 2026.
  53. ↑ "In order to strengthen the Israeli space industry: the Israeli Space Forum will be established". סוכנות החלל הישראלית. Archived from the original on February 1, 2026. Retrieved May 25, 2026.
  54. ↑ "Join the Space Field Student Community in Israel". www.rakiamission.com. Retrieved May 25, 2026.
  55. ↑ Federation, International Astronautical. "IAF: Rakia Mission". www.iafastro.org. Retrieved May 25, 2026.
  56. ↑ "The 21st Ilan Ramon International Space Conference 2026".
  57. ↑ "Reflections on Space". Eretz Israel Museum. Retrieved May 25, 2026.
  58. ↑ root (July 21, 2025). "ISU Chancellor Announcement". International Space University. Retrieved May 25, 2026.
  59. ↑ Faleti, Joshua (July 22, 2025). "International Space University Welcomes Eytan Stibbe as New Chancellor". SpaceWatch.GLOBAL. Retrieved May 25, 2026.
  60. ↑ "How India And Israel Are Reaching For The Stars - Together". NDTV. Archived from the original on August 26, 2025. Retrieved May 25, 2026.
  61. ↑ "Israel expands space influence with new partnerships at International Astronautical Congress". ctech. October 20, 2024. Retrieved May 25, 2026.