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Severe Tropical Cyclone Evan
Cyclone Evan just off the western coast of Fiji on 17 December
Meteorological history
FormedDecember 9, 2012 (2012-12-09)
ExtratropicalDecember 19, 2012 (2012-12-19)
DissipatedDecember 27, 2012 (2012-12-27)
Category 4 severe tropical cyclone
10-minute sustained (FMS)
Highest winds185 km/h (115 mph)
Lowest pressure943 hPa (mbar); 27.85 inHg
Category 4-equivalent tropical cyclone
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds230 km/h (145 mph)
Lowest pressure929 hPa (mbar); 27.43 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities14 confirmed
Damage$313 million (2012 USD)
Areas affectedSamoa, American Samoa, Wallis and Futuna, Fiji, Tonga, New Zealand
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the 2012–13 South Pacific cyclone season

Severe Tropical Cyclone Evan was considered to be the worst tropical cyclone to affect the island nation of Samoa since Cyclone Val in 1991 and was the strongest storm to impact the main South Pacific islands until Winston in 2016. The system was first noted on 9 December 2012, as a weak tropical depression about 700 km (435 mi) to the northeast of Suva, Fiji. Over the next couple of days, the depression gradually developed further before it was named Evan on 12 December, as it had fully developed into a tropical cyclone. During that day the system moved toward the Samoan Islands and gradually intensified, before the system slowed and severely affected the Samoan Islands during the next day with wind gusts of up to 210 km/h (130 mph).

The storm moved east and impacted the French islands of Wallis and Futuna before affecting Samoa and American Samoa. On 16 December, Evan turned to the south and paralleled western areas of Fiji.[1]

Meteorological history

[edit]
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The tropical depression that was to become Severe Tropical Cyclone Evan was first noted by the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) on 9 December, while it was located within the South Pacific Convergence Zone near the Fijian dependency of Rotuma.[2][3] At this stage, the system's broad low-level circulation was poorly organised, while the majority of atmospheric convection was fragmented and located over its northeastern quadrant.[2][4] Over the next day, the system subsequently moved south-eastwards within an area favourable for further development, with low vertical windshear, sea surface temperatures of 29–30 °C (84–86 °F) and favourable outflow.[4][5] During 11 December, the systems low-level circulation centre started to rapidly consolidate, as it passed around 55 km (35 mi) to the southwest of the French Territory of Futuna.[5][6][7] Later that day as the depression became equivalent to a tropical storm and develop a small eye on microwave imagery, the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center initiated advisories on the system and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 04P.[8][9] This was followed by the FMS naming the system as Evan the following day, after it had become a Category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale.[10][11]

After the system was named, the upper-level ridge continued to steer Evan eastward, toward the Samoan islands, as the cyclone quickly intensified.[12] By 12 December, as the system started to impact the Samoan Islands with gale and storm force wind speeds, RSMC Nadi reported that the system had become a category 2 tropical cyclone with 10-minute sustained wind speeds of 90 km/h (55 mph).[13][14] The JTWC also reported that day that the system had become equivalent to a category 1 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale (SSHS) with 1-minute sustained wind speeds of 120 km/h (75 mph).[7][15] Over the next 12 hours, the system developed a 17 km (11 mi) cloud-filled eye on visible imagery, while the system's forward motion started to slow down as it entered a weak steering environment with the upper-level ridge of high pressure to the north of the system weakened and a subtropical ridge of high pressure developed to the south of the system.[16][17]

The system continued to intensify and began to re-curve toward the west on 16 December; at 18:00 UTC (07:00 UTC+13, 17 December) the JTWC reported that Evan had reached an intensity of 185 km/h (115 mph), which made it equivalent to a category 3 hurricane on the SSHS.[18]

Early on 17 December, the JTWC reported that Cyclone Evan had reached its peak intensity with 1-minute windspeeds of 230 km/h (145 mph), which made it equivalent to a category 4 hurricane on the SSHS.[18][19] During that day Evan started to gradually weaken as it moved around the coast of the Fijian island of Viti Levu. With RSMC Nadi reporting by 18:00 UTC (07:00 UTC+13, 18 December) that the system had weakened into a category 3 severe tropical cyclone.[19][20]

By 19 December, wind shear from the northwest had exposed the system's low level circulation center completely, pushing the bulk of convection and thunderstorm activity about 120 km (75 mi) to the southeast of the center. Evan had also moved into cooler sea surface temperatures, below 27 °C (81 °C), so evaporation and thunderstorm development had waned, leading to falling cloud heights because of less moisture.[21]

Later that same day, RSMC Nadi reported that Cyclone Evan had weakened below cyclone intensity and declassified it as a tropical cyclone, before the JTWC issued their final warning later that day as the system started to transition into an extratropical cyclone.[22][23] Over the next couple of days the remnant low continued moving southwards and moved below 25°S and into the Wellington tropical cyclone warning centre's (TCWC Wellington area of responsibility.[24][25] During 21 December, the system started to move towards the southwest as it directed a moist tropical airmass onto the North Island during the next day.[24][26] The remnants of Evan were last noted by TCWC Wellington during 25 December.[27][28]

Preparations and impact

[edit]

Severe Tropical Cyclone Evan impacted the island nations of Wallis and Futuna, Samoa, American Samoa, Niue, Tonga, Fiji and New Zealand, with 14 deaths reported and total damages estimated at over US$315 million. As a result of its impact on the island nations, the name Evan was subsequently retired, from the list of names for the region by the World Meteorological Organization.[29]

Fiji

[edit]
Buildings flattened by the storm in Fiji

On 10 December, the FMS issued heavy rain warnings for parts of Fiji, as the trough of low pressure associated with the system, was bringing heavy rain and squally thunderstorms to parts of Fiji which they warned could lead to flash floods in parts of the archipelago.[30] These warnings were subsequently cancelled during the next day as the system moved away from Fiji, however they started to note that the global numerical weather guidance products were agreeing on the depression, re-curving as a tropical cyclone and to start directly impacting Fiji from 16 December.[31][32] During the next three days, the FMS issued calls for communities to be prepared, heed warnings and act responsibly, so that they could avoid "unnecessary loss of lives and properties", as Cyclone Evan was expected to be at least a Category 4 Severe Tropical Cyclone when it entered Fijian waters.[11][33] From 15 to 18 December, as the system approached and passed through the archipelago, the FMS issued various strong, gale, storm and hurricane-force wind warnings for Fiji.[34][35][36]

Ahead of the system approaching and impacting the island nation, people were evacuated to emergency shelters.[37] Fiji Airways (Air Pacific) announced they are suspending all flights to Savusavu, as well as the international flights from Nadi to Auckland and Brisbane on 16 December.[38][39]

Upon passing over Fiji, over 8,000 people were living in shelters, including many tourists. Although there were no initial reports of casualties, the storm brought considerable damage. Trees and power lines were down across the island group. In addition, flooding and structural damage was reported from resorts and homes.[40]

Damage throughout Fiji amounted to FJ$169.9 million (US$108.8 million). Additionally, short-term economic losses related to the cyclone were estimated reach FJ$73.4 million (US$40.9 million).[41]

Wallis and Futuna

[edit]
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Wallis and Futuna
Highest-known totals
Precipitation Storm Location Ref.
Rank mm in
1674.9 26.57Raja 1986Maopoopo, Futuna Island[42]
2556.7 21.92Fran 1992Hihifo, Wallis Island[42]
3291.2 11.46Val 1975Hihifo, Wallis Island[42]
4220.6 8.69Hina 1997Maopoopo, Futuna Island[42]
5186.0 7.32Evan 2012Futuna Island[42]
6180.0 7.09Val 1980Maopoopo, Futuna Island[42]
7171.6 6.76Keli 1997Hihifo, Wallis Island[42]
8160.8 6.33Unnamed 1966Malaetoli, Wallis Island[42]
9160.0 6.30Amos 2016Hihifo, Wallis Island[43]
10119.0 4.69Waka 2001Hihifo, Wallis Island[42]

Cyclone Evan affected Wallis and Futuna on two separate occasions while it was active, with the cyclone first affecting Futuna during 11 December, before passing within 20 km (10 mi) of Wallis Island on 15 December, and 70 km (45 mi) of Futuna Island during the next day.[44] On 11 December, Futuna Island recorded 186 mm (7.3 in) of rainfall and wind speeds of up to 55 km/h (35 mph) as Evan passed just to the north of the island.[44] Ahead of the system affecting the French Territory for the second time, various warning alerts were issued for the two islands, with people were urged to prepare.[45][46][47] As the system passed near Wallis island, wind gusts of up to 156 km/h (97 mph) were recorded, which were the highest recorded wind gusts on Wallis Island since records began in 1971.[44] The cyclone passed through the French territory without any reported casualties, and while Futuna Island was spared any major damage, extensive damage was reported on Wallis Island.[48]

Samoa

[edit]
Cyclone Evan nearing the coast of Upolu, Samoa on 13 December

Cyclone Evan affected the independent state of Samoa between 11 and 15 December, and was considered to be the worst tropical cyclone to affect Samoa, since Cyclone Val in 1991.[49][50] After the system was named on 12 December, the Samoan Deputy and Acting Prime Minister Fonotoe Pierre Lauofo, signed a Disaster Declaration which lasted for 48 hours and activated all disaster response provisions of the Samoan National Disaster Management Plan.[51][52] During that day the Samoa Meteorology Division issued gale and storm force wind warnings and a hurricane watch for Samoa, while preparations for the system started with several people boarding up their homes.[14][49][53] During the next day these preparations continued before the SMS issued a hurricane warning for Upolu, after marginal hurricane-force winds of 114 km/h (71 mph) were observed on Mount Fiamoe, Upolu.[14][49]

The cyclone struck, causing widespread damage in the capital, Apia. Many of the roads were blocked by flood waters and downed banana trees. Evan also caused damage to Faleolo International Airport in Apia, where the departures lounge collapsed, forcing its temporary closure. As a result, Fiji Airways (Air Pacific) cancelled all flights to Apia for 14 and 15 December, citing safety concerns.[54][55] Wind gusts of up to 210 km/h (130 mph) were reported. The storm destroyed houses and caused almost complete failures in the power and water supply systems.[56] The Disaster Management Office reported that the Tanugamanono power plant was heavily damaged, and power might not be restored for up to two months in some areas. A water treatment plant near Apia was also reported destroyed.[57] At least three deaths were reported after the storm,[58] including two children who were in low-lying areas and drowned. Authorities expressed concern over about the fate of at least 7 people who are still missing, as well as up to 3,000 others now living in emergency shelters.[59][60]

Costliest South Pacific Ocean tropical cyclones
Rank Tropical cyclones Season Damage
USD		 Refs
1  3  Gabrielle 2022–23 $9.2 billion [61]
2  TD  06F 2022–23 $1.43 billion [62]
3  5  Winston 2015–16 $1.4 billion [63]
4  5  Harold 2019–20 $768 million [64][65][66]
5  5  Pam 2014–15 $543 million [67][68][69]
6  5  Judy and Kevin 2022–23 $433 million [70]
7  4  Val 1991–92 $381 million [71][72][73][74]
8  5  Lola 2023–24 $352 million [75]
9  4  Evan 2012–13 $313 million [76][77]
10  4  Gita 2017–18 $253 million [78]

The US Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa David Huebner confirmed the United States had provided NZ$60,000 to the Samoan Red Cross for relief operations. New Zealand authorities said they were also ready to provide financial aid, if the local government requests it. On 15 December, they did provide NZ$50,000, as well as a P-3 Orion plane to search for eight missing fishermen.[79] Two days later the New Zealand Foreign Affairs Minister Murray McCully announced an additional NZ$550,000 was to be made available to the Samoan government, as well as the Samoan Red Cross and any agencies on the ground that might need it. Five additional New Zealand Red Cross workers were also sent to support local efforts. The Samoan Parliament opened with a somber prayer session, as the legislators prepared to receive initial assessments of the economic damage wrecked by Evan. According to reports, the bill is expected to be at least NZ$200,000,000, and possibly rise as high as 300 million.[80][81]

On 17 December, Samoan authorities confirmed that the death toll reached 14, after rescuers abandoned the search for 10 missing sailors.[82] In all, damage from the storm amounted to WS$465 million (US$204 million).[83]

American Samoa

[edit]
Enhanced infrared image of Evan on 14 December

The Pago Pago National Weather Service Forecast Office issued a gale watch for all of American Samoa a day before the storm impacted the island.[84] As Evan intensified and moved closer to the archipelago, hurricane warnings and flash flood watches were issued for Tutuila, Aunuu, Manua and Swains Island.[85] On 14 December, authorities announced that there had been no major damage or injuries after the passage of the storm.[79]

Tonga

[edit]

On 12 December, the FMS issued a tropical cyclone alert for the Tongan Islands Niuatoputapu and Niuafo'ou as it was thought that Evan might cause gale-force winds over the islands within 48 hours.[86] During 14 December, the alert was cancelled as Evan was no longer predicted to pass close enough to the islands to produce gale force winds or any damage on either island.[87]

New Zealand

[edit]

During 23 December, as Cyclone Evan's remnants moved towards New Zealand, TCWC Wellington issued Severe Weather Warnings for parts of Northland, Auckland and Coromandel as between 70–100 mm (2.8–3.9 in) of rain expected to fall which could cause surface flooding.[24] They also predicted that parts of New Zealand would see strong or gale-force winds and that the eastern coasts of Northland, might see large sea waves of about 3–4 metres (9.8–13.1 ft).[24] During that day in parts of the Coromandel Ranges, over 100 mm (3.9 in) of rain fell while in other parts of the warning area 25–50 mm (0.98–1.97 in) fell while the system was blamed for creating foggy conditions that engulfed parts of the North Island, and led to over 100 flights being cancelled at Wellington Airport.[88][89][90] On 24 December, the threat of heavy rain, surface flooding, swells and strong to gale-force winds continued while a swimmer drowned in rough seas of Whiritoa beach.[88][91] During that day heavy rain and the threat of flooding gradually eased, before the remnants were last noted during the next day.[27][28][92]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "Loina — Portail Officiel de Wallis & Futuna" (in French). Loina. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  2. 1 2 Tropical Disturbance Summary December 9, 2012 21z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. 9 December 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  3. ↑ Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans December 10, 2012 00z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 10 December 2012. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  4. 1 2 Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans December 10, 2012 06z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 10 December 2012. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  5. 1 2 Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert December 11, 2012 05z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 11 December 2012. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. ↑ Hirsch, Nathalie (2013). "Pacifique sud 2012-2013: Une saison dans les normes". La Météorologie. 8 (83): 95–97. doi:10.4267/2042/52060. hdl:2042/52060.
  7. 1 2 "2012 Tropical Cyclone Evan (2012346S14180)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 23 July 2023. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  8. ↑ Tropical Cyclone 04P Warning 1 December 11, 2012 21z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 11 December 2012. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  9. ↑ Kelley, Owen. "Tropical Storm Evan (South Pacific Ocean)". United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  10. ↑ Tropical Disturbance Advisory December 12, 2012 00z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  11. 1 2 "Tropical Cyclone "Evan"" (PDF) (Press release). Fiji Meteorological Service. 12 December 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  12. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (12 December 2012). "Tropical Cyclone 04P (Evan) Warning December 12, 15z". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Retrieved 12 July 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  13. ↑ Diamond, Howard J; Lorrey, A M; Knapp, Kenneth R; Levinson, D H (2012). "Development of an Enhanced Tropical Cyclone Tracks Database for the Southwest Pacific from 1840-2010". International Journal of Climatology. 32 (14). Royal Meteorological Society: 2240–2250. Bibcode:2012IJCli..32.2240D. doi:10.1002/joc.2412. S2CID 13084120. Retrieved 12 July 2014. (subscription required)
  14. 1 2 3 Jones, Rick; Ready, Steve (17 August 2013). A Case Study of Tropical Cyclone Evan around Samoa (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  15. ↑ "Samoa and American Samoa issue alerts for Tropical Cyclone Evan". Radio New Zealand International. 12 December 2012. Archived from the original on 16 July 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  16. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (13 December 2012). "Tropical Cyclone 04P (Evan) Warning December 13, 03z". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Retrieved 16 December 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  17. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (13 December 2012). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory December 13, 2012 00z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Retrieved 15 December 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  18. 1 2 Joint Typhoon Warning Center; Naval Research Laboratory (13 December 2012). "Tropical Cyclone 04P (Evan) Running Best Track Analysis". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Retrieved 16 December 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  19. 1 2 Joint Typhoon Warning Center (17 December 2012). "Tropical Cyclone 04P (Evan) Warning December 17, 09z". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Retrieved 18 December 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  20. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (17 December 2012). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory December 17, 2012 18z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Retrieved 18 December 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  21. ↑ "NASA - Tropical Storm Evan (South Pacific Ocean)". Archived from the original on 16 December 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  22. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (19 December 2012). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory December 16, 2012 12z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Retrieved 21 December 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  23. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (19 December 2012). "Tropical Cyclone 04P (Evan) Warning December 19, 21z". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Retrieved 21 December 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  24. 1 2 3 4 Kreft, Peter (23 December 2012). "Christmas Weather Daily Update: Sunday December 23". Meteorological Service of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  25. ↑ Wellington Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (20 December 2012). "Storm Warning 307, December 20, 2012 00z". Meteorological Service of New Zealand. Retrieved 22 December 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  26. ↑ Wellington Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (21 December 2012). "Marine Weather Bulletin for the Subtropics, December 21, 2012 18z". Meteorological Service of New Zealand. Retrieved 21 December 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  27. 1 2 Wellington Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (24 December 2012). "Marine Weather Bulletin for the Subtropics, December 24, 18z". Meteorological Service of New Zealand. Retrieved 27 December 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  28. 1 2 Wellington Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (25 December 2012). "Marine Weather Bulletin for the Subtropics, December 25, 06z". Meteorological Service of New Zealand. Retrieved 27 December 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  29. ↑ RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (2025). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2025 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 11 September 2025.
  30. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. "Special Weather Bulletin Number One for heavy rain December 10, 2012 04z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Retrieved 12 December 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  31. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (11 December 2012). "Special Weather Bulletin Number Nine for Heavy Rain December 11, 2012". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  32. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (11 December 2012). "Tropical Depression TD04F" (PDF) (Press release). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  33. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (14 December 2012). "Tropical Cyclone "Evan"" (PDF) (Press release). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  34. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (15 December 2012). "Special Weather Bulletin Number 5 for Fiji, December 15, 2012 03z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  35. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (16 December 2012). "Special Weather Bulletin Number 21 for Fiji, December 16, 2012 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Retrieved 16 December 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  36. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (18 December 2012). "Special Weather Bulletin Number 37 for Fiji, December 18, 2012 03z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Retrieved 18 December 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  37. ↑ "Fiji braces for cyclone that killed 3 in Samoa". The Huffington Post. 15 December 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  38. ↑ Air Pacific cancels Savusavu flights (FBC News)
  39. ↑ "Cyclone bears down on Fiji (SBS News)". Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  40. ↑ "Fiji hammered by severe cyclone, no deaths reported (Reuters)". Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  41. ↑ "Fiji: Cyclone Evan damage estimated at $108 million". Business Insurance. 24 April 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Wallis and Futuna Cyclone Passes De 1880 à nos jours" [Wallis and Futuna Cyclone Passes From 1880 to the present day] (in French). Meteo France New Caledonia. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  43. ↑ "Cyclone Amos: les Samoa ravagées" [Cyclone Amos: ravaged Samoa]. Meteo (in French). Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  44. 1 2 3 "156 km/h : Record de rafales battu à Wallis" (in French). Meteo France: New Caledonia. 22 December 2012. Archived from the original on 20 March 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  45. ↑ Administration Superieure Des îles Wallis-et-Futuna (14 December 2012). Pre Alerte — Cyclone Evan (L'Administration Superieure Communique) (in French). Loina — Portail Officiel de Wallis & Futuna. Retrieved 26 December 2012.{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  46. ↑ Administration Superieure Des îles Wallis-et-Futuna (14 December 2012). Alerte 1 - Cyclone Evan (L'Administration Superieure Communique) (in French). Loina — Portail Officiel de Wallis & Futuna. Retrieved 26 December 2012.{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  47. ↑ Administration Superieure Des îles Wallis-et-Futuna (15 December 2012). Alerte 2 - Cyclone Evan (Niveau maximal d'alerte) (L'Administration Superieure Communique) (in French). Loina — Portail Officiel de Wallis & Futuna. Retrieved 26 December 2012.{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  48. ↑ "Bienvenue sur le site du ministère des Outre-mer | Mom".
  49. 1 2 3 Nelson, Filomena; Samoa Disaster Management Office (1 July 2013). Disaster Response Experience: Tropical Cyclone Evan December 2012 (PDF). 19th Regional Disaster Managers Meeting — Annual Meeting of the Heads of National Disaster Management Offices (NDMOs) of Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs). Nadi, Fiji. pp. 2–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  50. ↑ Dorney, Sean (30 April 2013). "Australia and Samoa formalise cyclone aid deal". Australian Broadcasting Company. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
  51. ↑ Samoa Disaster Management Office (16 April 2013). DMO Newsletter January — March 2013 (PDF). Vol. 1. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. pp. 1–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  52. ↑ "Samoa declares disaster over cyclone damage". Radio New Zealand International. 12 December 2012. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2013. Alt URL
  53. ↑ "Special Weather Bulletin Number 3 for Samoa, December 12, 2012 15z". Samoa Meteorology Division. 12 December 2012. Archived from the original on 17 December 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  54. ↑ Geraldine Panapasa (14 December 2012). "Air Pac cancels Apia flights". (Fiji Times). Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  55. ↑ "Two killed as tropical Cyclone Evan hits Samoa". ABC News. 13 December 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  56. ↑ Brad Lendon (13 December 2012). "2 deaths reported as Cyclone Evan rips through Samoan islands". CNN. Archived from the original on 15 December 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  57. ↑ Cyclone Evan rips through Samoa as Apia homes flattened, BBC, 14 December 2012
  58. ↑ "Deadly cyclone leaves Samoa a total mess". TVNZ. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  59. ↑ Michael Field (13 December 2012). "Apia slammed as cyclone hits Samoa". Fairfax NZ News. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  60. ↑ "Deadly Cyclone Evan to hit Fiji". 3News NZ. 14 December 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2012.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  61. ↑ Wilson, Nick; Broadbent, Adele; Kerr, John (7 February 2024). "Cyclone Gabrielle: The New Zealand flood victims too scared to go home". Public Health Communication Centre. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
  62. ↑ Scott, Matthew (29 July 2023). "Auckland flood recovery could cost $4 billion". RNZ News. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  63. ↑ NACANIELI TUILEVUKA (24 May 2016). "$2.98 billion damage caused by TC Winston". NewsWire. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
  64. ↑ "World Bank Provides US$9.5 Million Grant in Disaster Response for Vanuatu". World Bank (Press release). 13 March 2023. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  65. ↑ "Fiji Govt says Cyclone Harold costs exceed $US40m". Radio New Zealand. 25 May 2020. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  66. ↑ "Cyclone Harold said to cost Tonga more than $US111m". Radio New Zealand. 24 April 2020.
  67. ↑ Esler, Simone (31 March 2015). Supporting cyclone recovery and reconstruction in Vanuatu (PDF). Vanuatu Prime Minister’s Office (Report). Government of Vanuatu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  68. ↑ "Tuvalu hit with US$90m cyclone damage bill". Radio New Zealand. 25 June 2015.
  69. ↑ "Cost of natural disasters". Insurance Council of New Zealand. 2024. Archived from the original on 13 December 2024. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
  70. ↑ "Vanuatu Tropical Cyclones Judy and Kevin 2023: Post Disaster Needs Assessment". International Labor Organization. 6 July 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  71. ↑ Goodge, Grant W (ed.). "Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena: December 1991" (PDF). United States National Climatic Data Center. p. 58. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  72. ↑ Cyclones Val and Wasa Situation Report No. 7 (PDF) (Report). United Nations Disaster Relief Organization. 17 January 1992. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  73. ↑ Ramsay, Doug (2006). Reducing the risks of cyclone storm surge inundation on the atolls of Tokelau: Fakaofo (PDF) (Report). National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research. p. 43.
  74. ↑ Fairbairn, T. (1997). The economic impact of natural disasters in the South Pacific with special reference to Fiji, Western Samoa, Niue, and Papua New Guinea (PDF). South Pacific Disaster Reduction Program. ISBN 982-364-001-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  75. ↑ "TC Lola National Recovery Plan". Department of Strategic Policy, Planning & Aid Coordination. 20 May 2024. Archived from the original on 20 May 2024. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  76. ↑ "Fiji: Cyclone Evan damage estimated at $108 million". Business Insurance. 24 April 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
  77. ↑ Samoa - Post-disaster needs assessment cyclone Evan 2012 (PDF) (Report). Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery. 1 March 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  78. ↑ Weather, Climate & Catastrophe Insight: 2018 Annual Report (PDF) (Report). Aon Benfield. 22 January 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 February 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  79. 1 2 "Deadly cyclone batters Samoa". Radio NZ. 14 December 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  80. ↑ "NZ steps up assistance for cyclone-ravaged Samoa". TV NZ. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  81. ↑ "Counting the cost of Cyclone Evan in Samoa". Radio Australia. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  82. ↑ "Fiji begins cleanup after Cyclone Evan rips through; Samoa death toll rises to 14". The Washington Post. Associated Press. 17 December 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2012.[dead link]
  83. ↑ Samoa - Post-disaster needs assessment cyclone Evan 2012 (PDF) (Report). Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery. 1 March 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  84. ↑ Akapo, Akapo Kofe (13 December 2012). "Tropical Cyclone Evan (04F) - Local Statement December 11, 17z". National Weather Service Office, Pago Pago, American Samoa. Retrieved 13 December 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  85. ↑ Baqui, Carol (13 December 2012). "Tropical Cyclone Evan (04F) - Local Statement December 13, 00z". National Weather Service Office, Pago Pago, American Samoa. Retrieved 13 December 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  86. ↑ Special Weather Bulletin Number One for Tonga on Tropical Cyclone Evan December 12, 2012 23:15 UTC (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  87. ↑ "Special Weather Bulletin Number Eight for Tonga on Tropical Cyclone Evan December 14, 2012 15:37 UTC". Fiji Meteorological Service. 14 December 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  88. 1 2 Kreft, Peter (24 December 2012). "Christmas Weather Daily Update: Monday December 24". Meteorological Service of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 1 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  89. ↑ "'Weird' fog grounds Christmas flights". The Nelson Mail. 24 December 2012. p. 2.(Accessed via Lexis Nexis on 24 December 2012)
  90. ↑ "Dreaming of a flight this Christmas..." The New Zealand Herald. 24 December 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  91. ↑ Akoorie, Natalie (26 December 2012). "Brother dies on nostalgic beach swim". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 26 December 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
  92. ↑ Kreft, Peter (25 December 2012). "Christmas Weather Daily Update: Tuesday December 25". Meteorological Service of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 1 January 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
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