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Mbunda language

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Mbunda
MbĂșĂčnda, ChimbĂșĂčnda
Native toAngola, Zambia
EthnicityMbunda people
Native speakers
(260,000 cited 2000–2010)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3mck – inclusive code
Individual codes:
yax – Yauma dialect
nkn – Nkangala dialect
Glottologmbun1249  Mbunda
nkan1238  Nkangala
K.15,18[2]
ELPYauma

Mbunda is a Bantu language of Angola and Zambia. There are several dialects: Katavola, Yauma,[3] Nkangala, Mbalango, Sango, Ciyengele ("Shamuka"), and Ndundu, all of which are closely related.[4] Mbunda was one of six languages selected by the Instituto de LĂ­nguas Nacionais (National Languages Institute) for an initial phase to establish spelling rules in 1980[5] to facilitate teaching in schools and promoting its use. [6][7]

Sounds

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Mbunda is similar to Luchazi, but has some differences in the consonants. Among other differences,[clarification needed] where Luchazi has /s, z/, Mbunda has /Ξ, Ă°/. Where Luchazi has /ts/, Mbunda has dental /tÌȘ/.

Vowels

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Like other languages in eastern Angola and Zambia, Mbunda language has five contrastive vowels:

Front
(unrounded)		 Central
(unrounded)		 Back
(rounded)
highiu
midɛɔ
lowa

Consonants

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Voiced plosives only occur as prenasalized stops, where they contrast with aspirated plosives. Otherwise only tenuis plosives are found in Mbunda.[8]

Prenasalized consonants
Aspirated Voiced Place of formation Sample Word Sound Translation
/mpÊ°/ mp/mb/ mbbilabialmbandusore
/ntÌȘÊ°/ nths/ndÌȘ/ ndthzdentalndthzilipower
/ntÊ°/ nt/nd/ ndalveolarndolomebrother
—/ndʒ/ njalveopalatalnjambaelephant
/ƋkÊ°/ nk/Ƌɡ/ ngvelarngondemoon

Orthography

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Graphic Representation Phonetic Symbol(*) Word Example Word Sound Translation
a/a/angulachoose
mb/mb/mbungacrowd
ch (used with nouns)
or c		/tʃ/cilitrue
chiyambihunter
nd/nd/ndumbalion
e/ɛ/ewayes
f/f/fundangagunpowder
ng/Ƌɡ/ngombecow, ox
Ƌ/Ƌ/Ƌalacrab
h/h/hanjaoutside
i/i/imanenawait
j/ʒ/jombololareveal
k/k/kovelaenter
l/l/lilongaplate, dish
m/m/mulongaoffence
n/n/naanamy mother
ndthz/ndÌȘ/ndthzitawar
nk/ƋkÊ°/nkutacourt
ny/ÉČ/ or maybe /nÊČ/nyalibrother or sister-in-law
o/ɔ/owothat one
p/p/putukastart
mp/mpÊ°/mpulumale animal
t/t/tuloasleep, sleepy
th/Ξ/thimbutime
ths/tÌȘ/thsadie
thz/Ă°/thzaladress up
u/u/uliwhere is he (she)
v/ÎČ/vwatoboat, canoe
w/w/wahihe (she) is not here
x/ʃ/xwataforest
y/j/yangemyself
Orthographies of six languages of Angola,[9][10]

Population

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Mbunda is spoken by the Mbunda people of the Moxico Province and Cuando Cubango Province of Angola and western Zambia.[11] upon the migration of among others, the Ciyengele,[12]

Dialects

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The Mbunda language is not spoken exactly the same way in Zambia and Angola. In Zambia it has a strong upper teeth contact with the tongue, to pronounce words like: Mundthzindthzime 'shadow', chithzalo 'dress', Kuthsa 'death' and many more. The difficult sounds represented by ⟹TH⟩.[13] Mbunda language in Angola and Namibia is spoken without the ⟹TH⟩ sounds (interdentals), like in the Luchazi language;[14] the words above are pronounced as Mutzitzime 'shadow', chizalo 'cloth', Kutsa 'death'. Even within Zambia, the Mbunda language spoken by the Chiyengele group that migrated earlier is different from that spoken by the Mbunda group that fled into Zambia as a consequence of the Mbunda-Portuguese war of 1914. That is why the Mbunda language of the Chiyengele group, mainly found in Mongu, is nicknamed "Shamuka"[clarification needed],[15] heavily influenced by Lozi language. The same term can be attributed to the Mbunda language in Namibia, which is heavily influenced by the Nyemba and Luchazi languages.

Numerals

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Numerical counting in Mbunda follows the usual numerals but in Mbunda words. Fill ups are easily made using small numerals.

Names and meanings

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Mbunda names are many; listed are the ones commonly used.[16] They can be given either to a male or female, except a very few that are for females only and have been indicated here by (f). Some Mbunda names are similar to those of other nationalities which also have their roots in the Luba Kingdom, such as Kaunda, Katongo, Kavanda, Mulenga, Muvanga, Mwila, Kavunda, Kalunga, Muti, Chiinga, Kavalata, Chiti, Nkonde and others. Also similar to Mbunda names are Chipoya, Chipango, Musole, Kayata, Ngambo, Kawengo, Kapisa and Musumali, found in other ethnic groups which trace their origins to Mwantiyavwa the king of the Ruund. These similarities give further evidence that Mbunda people interacted with the Kingdom of Lunda and Kingdom of Luba,[17] in the 15th century. The commonly used Mbunda names are as follows:

  • Chendamundali (pl. vacendamundali) 'tourist'
  • Chalula 'someone who found (picked) a lost thing'
  • Chambato 'a bridegroom'
  • Changoco 'a useless person'
  • Changano 'an "I don't care" person'
  • Chavaya 'a destitute person'
  • Chikatu 'source'
  • Chilala 'cruelty'
  • Chiinga 'substitute or substitution'
  • Chiingi 'the substitute wife from same family as first wife'
  • Chilindo 'the float of fish net'
  • Chilombo 'a place where things are put to soak or dye'
  • Chilunda 'the second born'
  • Chimbali 'the slave of a white person'
  • Chimbinde 'a cantankerous person, cruel'
  • Chindele 'a white person'
  • Chindumba 'a kind of hair plait'
  • Chingumbe 'a strong and healthy man'. Name of the 14th Mbunda King who ruled Mbundaland in the 17th century in what is now Angola
  • Chingunde 'moroseness, sullenness'
  • Chingwali 'a shackle for the head, a fetter'
  • Chinjenge 'to be left in hardship'
  • Chinunga 'an articulated joint'
  • Chinyundu 'a beehive smoker (to rid the hive of bees)'
  • Chioola 'a quiet person; sober'
  • Chipango 'the fence built for a woman giving birth'
  • Chipipa 'to swish or whip through the air'
  • Chipoya 'a machile or hammock'
  • Chiputa 'a type of shrub; bush'
  • Chixwaxwa (Chishwashwa) 'an empty light shell'
  • Chiti 'wood or tree'
  • Chitumbo 'a big heap of soil'
  • Chitundu 'a type of plant with an edible tuber'
  • Chiyengele 'a red cloth belt'. Name of the Senior Mbunda Chief in Bulozi, declared by King Mulena Mulambwa of the Aluyi people
  • Chiyengo 'big barrel'
  • Chuma 'thing'
  • Kaalu 'a surviving twin'
  • Kavavu 'June'
  • Kafunya 'a presumptuous person'
  • Kafuti 'the child born after twins'
  • Kailu 'the child born after five children's death, regarded as a "returned" person'
  • Kaliki 'the chief's storehouse'
  • Kaliye 'being lonely'
  • Kalimbwe (vulimbwe) 'a person using birdlime to catch birds'
  • Kalumbu for females, 'a stray person who has lost her good character'
  • Kaliata (Kalyata) 'a person who oppresses others'
  • Kaliangu (Kalyangu) 'a kind of jester or masked dancer'
  • Kamana 'a wise person'
  • Kanjengo 'white cloth'
  • Kankondo 'a kind of weasel that eats fowls'
  • Kanjonja 'a type of gun; flintlock'
  • Kanunga 'a small joint'
  • Kapatitho (Kapatiso) 'bolt fastener'
  • Kapitha (Kapisa) 'a person who refuses to help because he is miserly and stingy or who burns something'
  • Kaxweka (Kashweka) 'a hidden thing'
  • Kaxukwe (Kashukwe) 'August'
  • Kathoka (Kasoka) 'a person who loads the gun; rams the charge into the gun'
  • Kathonda (Kasonda) (vuthampu - vusampu) 'a kind of coiffure'
  • Katavola 'a person who tears something apart'. Name of the famous 20th Mbunda King who fought and defeated the Chokwe people in what is now Angola
  • Katota 'a person who knocks or hammers on something'
  • Katongo 'a wanderer'
  • Kaulembi (kulamba) 'a person who goes to appeal for help'
  • Kavindama 'an unfortunate person'
  • Kavunda 'a person who smears the concrete floor'
  • Kawengo 'the spirit of a deceased woman'
  • Kayando 'a sufferer, trouble'
  • Kayawe 'a cunning person'
  • Kayongo 'the spirit of a deceased man'
  • Kathzungo (Kazungo) 'noise or racket'. Name of the 22nd Mbunda King who was installed by the Portuguese colonialists, after abducting King Mwene Mbandu I Lyondthzi Kapova, the 21st Monarch of Mbundaland in what is now Angola
  • Kufuna 'to and fro'. (Not Mbunda by origin but used today)
  • Kalunga 'God'
  • Kuunga 'to gather'
  • Kuvangu see Kawengo
  • Lifuti 'country'. Name of the 23rd Mbunda King and the first to be installed by the Mbunda people after the restoration of the Mbunda monarchy in what is now Angola, since the abduction of the 21st Mbunda King who resisted the Portuguese occupation of Mbundaland in 1914
  • Likonge 'a kind of water grass'
  • Liongo 'a river reed'
  • Livindamo 'an unlucky village or place'
  • Luvinda 'hard luck or misfortune'
  • Liwoyo 'racket, noise'
  • Lumbala is the name of a river in eastern Angola
  • Liato (Lyato) 'a big canoe'
  • Liunda (Lyunda) 'grove'
  • Maamba 'evil spirits possessing people'
  • Makayi 'bracelets'
  • Makalu 'a brave person'
  • Makuwa from (kulikuwa) 'someone who shouts when rejoicing'
  • Maliti 'a type of rifle, a single loader'
  • Manjolo 'tubular anklets'
  • Manyenga 'a worried person, also means to render fat'
  • Mathambo (Masambo) 'small wires'
  • Matheka (Maseka), see Makayi
  • Mathumba (Masumba) 'crescent shaped medallions'
  • Mbaita (f) 'please pass, to allow to pass'
  • Mbalili (f) 'keg, barrel'
  • Mbambale 'the spinning device used by Mbunda'
  • Mbandu 'sore'. Name of the 21st Mbunda King who resisted the Portuguese occupation of Mbundaland in 1914 in what is now Angola
  • Mbundi (f) 'a fetish stick'
  • Mukovoto 'a talkative person'
  • Mukuve 'a kind of tree for bark rope'
  • Mukwita 'a passer-by; to pass by'
  • Mulenga 'a piece of wood split off a tree struck by thunder and lightning'
  • Mulemba 'a kind of tree that produces rubber'
  • Mulikita 'great big-game hunter, also boxer'
  • Muliata (Mulyata), see Kaliata (Kalyata)
  • Mundanya see Mathumba (Masumba)
  • Mundu (kaundu) 'medicine rubbed on the body to make it impervious to bullets'. Name of the first Mbunda Chief who migrated to Bulozi in the 16th century
  • Mundthzimba 'an ignorant person'
  • Mununga 'a person who joins things together'
  • Muthando (Musando) 'millet'
  • Muthangu (Musangu) 'a resurrected person'
  • Muxova (Mushova) (f) 'mixed things'
  • Muxuwa (Mushuwa) (f) 'a tree with little leaves, see mulemba'
  • Muthompa (Musompa) 'a judge'
  • Muti (chiti) 'tree'
  • Muvanga 'a kind of shrub; also means firstborn'
  • Muwae (f) 'beauty'
  • Muyeva see Katongo
  • Muyenga 'to render fat or beeswax'
  • Muyombo (muxaa - mushaa) 'a type of fetish stick'
  • Mwila 'grass'
  • Ndandula 'he must follow'
  • Ndombelo 'a young girl who pounds white maize into theke (seke) which is used in ritual offerings (nombelo) to ancestral spirits'
  • Ndumba 'lion'
  • Ngeve 'female twins or Female Hippo'
  • Ngongola see Katota
  • Nguvu 'male twins; also hippopotamus'
  • Njamba 'elder of the twins; also elephant'
  • Nkumbwa 'ostrich'
  • Nyumbu 'a type of swamp reed'
  • Nyundu 'otter'
  • Thakulo (Sakulo) 'a kind of grass used for thatching'
  • Theke (Seke) 'white maize meal used for offerings to ancestral spirits'
  • Viemba (Vyemba) 'medicines'
  • Vulungi 'trekking to new settlement'
  • Xanda (Shanda), 'battle, honey badger'. Name of the 22nd Mbunda King who was installed by the Portuguese colonialists, after abducting King Mwene Mbandu I Lyondthzi Kapova, the 21st Monarch of Mbundaland in what is now Angola
  • Wacama (the abbreviation of waca manene) 'you like something very much'
  • Wampata 'an argumentative or stubborn person'

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ Mbunda at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Yauma dialect at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Nkangala dialect at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ↑ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
  3. ↑ Bantu-Languages.com, citing Maniacky 1997
  4. ↑ Bantu-Languages.com, citing Maniacky 1997
  5. ↑ http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mbun1249 For additional sources
  6. ↑ "Resolution adopted by Council of Ministers - Official Gazette No. 3/87 of May 1987". Archived from the original on 2022-01-20. Retrieved 2014-09-22.
  7. ↑ Angola Harmonização das lĂ­nguas bantu dificultada pela fonĂ©tica e grafia
  8. ↑ Tusona: Luchazi Ideographs : a Graphic Tradition of West-Central Africa By Gerhard Kubik, page 300
  9. ↑ HistĂłria da criação dos alfabetos em lĂ­nguas nacionais, ediçÔes 70 - Portugal (History of the creation of alphabets in national languages, 70th editions - Portugal)
  10. ↑ Tusona: Luchazi Ideographs : a Graphic Tradition of West-Central Africa By Gerhard Kubik, pages 291
  11. ↑ The elites of Barotseland, 1878-1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province: a. Gerald L. Caplan ISBN 0900966386 Publisher: C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970
  12. ↑ Bantu-Languages.com, citing Maniacky 1997
  13. ↑ A.W, July 1, 1917, A Comparative Vocabulary of Sikololo-Silui-Simbunda, African Affairs, Oxford University Press
  14. ↑ Tusona: Luchazi Ideographs : a Graphic Tradition of West-Central Africa By Gerhard Kubik, pages 291, 292
  15. ↑ Bantu-Languages.com, citing Maniacky 1997
  16. ↑ name="google4"
  17. ↑ Almanac of African Peoples & Nations, page 523. By Muáž„ammad ZuhdÄ« Yakan, Transaction Publishers, Rutgers - The State University, 35 Berrue Circle, Piscataway, New Jersey 008854-8042 ISBN 1-56000-433-9,

Literature

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  • Jacky Maniacky, 1997, "Contribution Ă  l'Ă©tude des langues bantoues de la zone K: analyse comparative et sous-groupements", MĂ©moire pour l'obtention du DEA de langues, littĂ©ratures et sociĂ©tĂ©s, Ă©tudes bantoues, INALCO (Paris - France), 101p.
  • JosĂ© Redinha, 1975, Etnias e Culturas de Angola, Luanda: Instituto de Investigação CientĂ­fica de Angola; reprinted fac-simile by the Associação das Universidades de LĂ­ngua Portuguesa, 2009, ISBN 978 989 8271 00 6

14°06â€Č44″S 21°26â€Č07″Eï»ż / ï»ż14.11222°S 21.43528°Eï»ż / -14.11222; 21.43528

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