Retta language

Retta
Reta
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Alor Archipelago
Native speakers	(undated figure of 2000-3000)
Language family	Trans–New Guinea ? West Bomberai ? Timor–Alor–Pantar Alor–Pantar Pantar–Straits Straits Blagaric Retta
Language codes
ISO 639-3	ret
Glottolog	rett1240
Location within East Nusa Tenggara Location within Indonesia
Coordinates: 8°18′15″S 124°20′31″E

Retta (also called Reta) is a Papuan language spoken on Pura and Ternate islands, located between Pantar and Alor in the Alor archipelago of Indonesia. It is spoken by a few thousand people, and is considered an endangered language by Ethnologue.

It is not related to but not mutually intelligible with Blagar, which is spoken on the north side of Pura Island, and is unrelated to the Austronesian language Alorese, which is spoken on the north side of Ternate. One of its most distinctive features is a morphophonological process where some words can be intensified or made vulgar by replacing an /l/ sound with an [r] sound.

Classification

Retta is a member of the Timor–Alor–Pantar languages, a group of approximately 30 languages at the western edge of the Papuan languages (the non-Austronesian languages of New Guinea and surrounding islands). It is part of the Alor–Pantar branch within the TAP languages. Bayesian analysis suggests that Retta is most closely related to the Blagar language, followed by the Pura language. These three languages, called the "Straits languages", form a group apart from the Pantar languages.

Geographic distribution

Retta is spoken in the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia. It is primarily spoken on two small islands, Pura and Ternate, plus two recent settlements on the coast of the larger island of Alor, facing toward Pura and Ternate.

The language's namesake village, Retta, is on the southern coast of Pura. Pura is a small island (28 square kilometres (11 mi²)) but it is home to both the Reta and Blagar languages, which are related but not mutually intelligible. Inaccessibility and hostility between the villages on Pura allowed the two languages to coexist in close proximity. In modern times, cross-village communication has increased, but has been generally done in the local lingua francas: Bahasa Indonesia and Malay.

Three villages on Ternate speak Retta, as they were established by Retta-speakers from Pura in the early 20th century, possibly due to religious conflict. Ternate is smaller than Pura, but like Pura, it is multilingual. On the north shore of Ternate, villagers speak Alorese, an unrelated Austronesian language.

Phonology

Consonants

Retta has 16 consonants, which is a larger consonant inventory than most Alor–Pantar languages:

Consonant phonemes

	Bilabial		Alveolar		Velar		Glottal
Plosive	p	b	t	d	k	ɡ	ʔ
Implosive		ɓ
Affricate		bv		ʤ
Fricative			s				h
Nasal		m		n
Trill				r
Lateral approximant				l

The palatal approximant [j] also occurs in Retta (and Blagar) but is analyzed as an allophone of the vowel /i/ rather than a separate phoneme. /s/ occurs mostly in loanwords or other non-native words.

Vowels

Retta has eight single vowels (monophthongs), which differ in length, height, and backness. Three are always long vowels (eː oː aː), two are always short vowels (ɛ ɔ), and the remaining three are short in most contexts but can be made long via phonological processes.

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
	unrounded		rounded
Close	i		u
Close-mid	eː		oː
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Open		aː ɑ

Retta has both diphthongs (two vowels within a single syllable) and vowel sequences (two adjacent vowels in separate syllables). All attested diphthongs move from low-to-high or back-to-front, and the high vowels /i/ and /u/ may manifest as the glides [j] and [w] in diphthongs.

Phonological processes

Like many other languages, Retta features nasal place assimilation, in which a nasal's place of articulation (optionally) moves to the place of a neighboring consonant. It does not require consonants at the start of a word, but if there is no word-initial consonant, the initial vowel is pre-aspirated. For instance, 'fruit' is underlyingly /aːhi/ but is pronounced as [ʰaːhi]. This pre-aspiration is distinct from a word-initial voiceless glottal fricative [h]; [ʰaːhi] 'fruit' forms a minimal pair with [haːhi] 'rough'.

Morphology

Sound-symbolic contrast

Retta has a unique non-productive morphophonological process. In approximately 30 words, replacing an /l/ sound with an /r/ sound changes the meaning of the word, increasing its "vulgarity, severity, force of action, or size". Examples include:

L-to-R intensification in Retta

L gloss	L form	R form	R gloss
pull	bili	biri	pull hard, yank
not good	ɓɛlɑ	ɓɛrɑ	bad, terrible
break it	gɑlɑbvɑk	gɑrɑbvɑk	destroy it
penis	-oːl	-oːr	penis (vulgar)

Numbers

Retta's number words are somewhat complex. The numerals one through six are monomorphemic, meaning that they cannot be broken down into intelligible parts. Seven, eight, and nine are multimorphemic, consisting of multiple components (morphemes). This is similar to English numbers like "twenty-one"; however, the Retta numerals are formed by subtraction rather than addition. Eight, for instance, literally translates as "ten minus two".

Reduplication

A common morphological process in Retta is reduplication. Both partial and full reduplication is observed in Retta. Reduplication has a variety of meanings depending on the word being reduplicated, and reduplication can occur on nouns, verbs, interrogatives, and numbers.

Syntax

Retta sentences are generally verb-final, with Subject–object–verb word order if not otherwise morphologically marked.

Revitalization

Retta is considered endangered, and is used primarily by older generations. The Indonesian government has piloted language revitalization programs include writing and teaching Retta songs. However, as of 2020, using Reta (or any other local languages) was not allowed in local schools.

Further reading

• Willemsen, Jeroen. 2021. A Grammar of Reta. PhD dissertation, Aarhus University Denmark