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Nazi Germany

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Groß Deutsches Reich
The Third Reich
1933 – 1945
Flag Coat of arms
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: Das Lied der Deustchen followed by: Horrest Wessel Leid
Location of Germany
Location of Germany
Nazi Germany to 1943.
Capital Berlin
52°31′N 13°24′E / 52.517°N 13.4°E / 52.517; 13.4
Language(s) German
Government Dictatorship
Führer
 - 1933-1945 Adolf Hitler
 - 30 April-1 May 1945 Joseph Goebbels
Legislature Reichstag
Historical era Interwar period
 - Established30 January 1933
 - Hitler takes office30 January 1933
 - Reichstag fire27 February, 1933
 - End of World War II8 May, 1945
Currency Reichsmark

Nazi Germany naam Germany ke 1933 aur 1945 ke biich waala time ke dewa jaawe hae.

Ii time me Adolf Hitler ke Nazi Party Germany pe raj karat rahaa. Iske Third Reich (German bhasa: Drittes Reich), jiske ke matlab "The Third Empire", bola jaawat rahaa. Nazis log ii batawat rahin ki uu logan pahila empire (the Holy Roman Empire) aur duusra waala 1971-1918 waala Duusra Empire rahaa . Iske official naam (German bhasa: Großdeutsches Reich), the Greater (that is, bigger) German State rahaa.

Nazi Germanynaam World War II ke baad kaam me laae ke Nazi-run aur nawaa peaceful Germany ke antar dekhawa jaawe hae.

Naam

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Sadhaaran English naam, Nazi era ke German state ke, "Nazi Germany" aur "Third Reich" hae, jiske Hitler aur Nazis "Thousand-Year Reich" (Tausendjähriges Reich) bolat rahin [1], ek anuwaad Nazi propaganda sabd Drittes Reich ke, jiske pahila dafe Das Dritte Reich, ek 1923 ke book Arthur Moeller van den Bruck se, me kaam me laawa gais rahaa.[2] Ii book Holy Roman Empire ke first Reich aur German Empire second, batais rahaa.[3]

Background

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Jab World War I khalaas bhais rahaa tab Germany ke economy bahut kharaab hoe gais rahaa, jiske ek kaaran reparations payments jiske 1919 Treaty of Versailles ke niche bhare ke rahaa. Sarkar payment kare ke khaatir paisa ke chaapis rahaa, lekin iske kaaran but hyperinflation se chij ke daam barrha, economic chaos bhais, aur khaana ke khaatir [[wikt:uppadro}uppadro]] bhais rahaa. [4] January 1923 me jab sarkar reparations ke bhare nai paais, tab French troops occupied German industrial areas Ruhr ke bagal me aur dher civil unrest bhais.[5]

National Socialist German Workers' Party, jiske jaada kar ke Nazi Party ke naam se jaana jaawe hae, ke 1920 me suruu karaa gais rahaa.[6] Nazi party platform me rahaa Weimar Republic ke khalaas karna, Treaty of Versailles ke reject karna, antisemitism, aur anti-Bolshevism.[7] Uulog ek tagrraa central government ke promise kare rahin, jaada Lebensraum ("rahe ke jagha") Germanic log ke khaatir, ek national community jaati ke adhaar pe banae ke, jaaat ke safaa kare ke via the active suppression of Jews, jiske citizenship aur civil rights ke hatae dewa jaai.[8] Nazi log national aur cultural renewal promise kare rahin jon Völkisch movement pe based rahaa.[9] Ii party, khaas kar ke iske paramilitary organisation Sturmabteilung (SA; Storm Detachment), nai to Brownshirts, physical violence ke kaam me laae ke aapan political position ke aage barrhain, virodhi party ke meeting ke disrupt kare rahin aur uske members ke attack kare rahin, Yahudi log ke saathe, streets me.[10] Ii rakam ke far-right armed groups Bavaria me common rahin, aur iske sympathetic far-right state government, Gustav Ritter von Kahr ke, tolerate karat rahaa.[11]

Jab United States stock market crashed in 1929, iske asar Germany me bahut kharaab rahaa.[12] Dher million log ke kaam se nikal dewa gais rahaa aur kuch barraa-barraa banks mankrupt hoe gay rahin. Hitler aur Nazis taiyaari karin ii mauka ke faedaa uthae ke aapan party ke support ke jaada kare ke. Uulog waada kare rahin economy ke aur tagrraa banae ke aur log ke kaam de ke. [13] DHer voters decide karin ki Nazi Party order restore karii, civil unrest ke roki, aur Germany ke international reputation ke achchhaa kari. federal election of 1932 ke baad, Nazi party Reichstag ke sab se barraa party rahaa, jisel 230 seats rahaa, 37.4 per cent popular vote ke saathe.[14]

Itihaas

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Nazi log power lae le hai

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Jab Nazis, 1932 ke dui Reichstag general election me sab se jaada vote jiite rahin, uulog ke lage majority nai rahaa. Hitler koi coalition government me rahe se inkaar kar diis, jab talak uske neta nai banaawa jaae. [15] Politicians, industrialists, aur business community ke pressure ke kaaran, President Paul von Hindenburg Hitler ke Chancellor of Germany, 30 January 1933 me banais rahaa. Iske Machtergreifung ("seizure of power") ke naam se jaana jaawe hae.[16]

27 February 1933 ke raat, Reichstag building me aagi lagae dewa gais rahaa. Ek Dutch communist jiske naam Marinus van der Lubbe rahaa, ke ii aagi ke khaatir guilty ppawa gais rahaa. Hitler bolis ki ii aagi communist uprising ke suruwaat rahaa. Reichstag Fire Decree, jiske 28 February 1933 me impose karaa gais rahaa, dher civil liberties ke khalaas kar diis , jisme rights of assembly aur freedom of the press bhi rahaa. Ii decree ke niche police log ke detain kare sakat rahin, jetna din talak uulog maangat rahin, bina charges ke. Ii legislation ke saathe ek propaganda campaign bhi rahaa jisse janata ii measure ke support kare rahin. Communists ke SA violently supress karis rahaawas aur Communist Party of Germany ke 4,000 members ke arrest kar lewa gais rahaa.[17]

23 March 1933 ke, Enabling Act, jon Weimar Constitution ke amendment rahaa, Reichstag me pass hoe gais rahaa 444 votes to 94 se.[18] Ii amendment ke niche Hitler aur uske cabinet kanun pass karis—jisme kaanun rahaa jon constitution ke violate karat rahaa— bina president nai to Reichstag ke consent se.[19] Kaaheki bill ke pass kare ke two-thirds majority ke jaruri rahaas, Nazis intimidation tactics ke kaam me laain aur Reichstag Fire Decree ke kaam me laae ke Social Democratic ke dher deputies ke meeting attend kare se rake rahin, aur Communists ke pahile ban kar dewa gais rahaa.[20][21] Enabling Act baad me legal foundation bani jisse Nazis dictatorship banae rahin.[22]

10 May me, sarkar Social Democrats ke assets ke seize kar le rahin, aur uulog ke 22 June ke ban kar dewa gais rahaa.[23] 21 June ke din, SA German National People's Party – uulog ke pahile ke coalition partners – ke office raid kare rahin aur iske 29 June ke band kar dewa gais rahaa. Bachaa political parties ke yahiii rakam band kar dewa gais rahaa. 14 July 1933 me Germany ek one-party state ban gais rahaa jab Law Against the Formation of Parties ke pass karaa gais rahaa, jisse Nazi Party Germany ke ekke kanuni party bachaa rahaa. Nawaa party ke banana gaer kanuni hoe gais rahaa.[24] Aage ke elections in November 1933, 1936 aur 1938 Nazi-controlled rahaa, jisme khaali Party ke members ke aur kuchh independents ke elect karaa gais rahaa.[25]



World War II: 1939-1941

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1933 me, jab Hitler, Germany ke neta banaa, tab uu Germany ke army ke fir fir se barrhae lagaa. Jab ke Treaty of Versailles ke niche, Germany ke Air Force rakkhe ke ijajat nai rahaa, uu chuppe chuppe airforce banais aur 1935 me khule duniya bhar ke batais ke uske lage England ke baraabar Air Force hae. Uske army ke 100,000 se jaada hoe ke ijaajat nai rahaa, lekin you chuppe se iske bhi barrhais aur 1935 talak etna taagatwar hoe gais rahaa ki uu aapan army ke Rhineland ilaka me bhejis, jhaa pe uske Treaty of Versailles ke niche army rakkhe ke ijaajat nai rahaa. 1930s me Hitler dusra des pe hamla kare lagaa. Pahile uu, 1938 me, Austria ke aapan niche kar liis. (Hitler apne Austria me paida bhais rahaa.) Iske baad you 1939 me Chekoslavakia ke Sudentland ilaka, jahaan pe dher German logan rahat rahin , ke aapan niche karis. Iske baad you promise karis ki uu aur kuchh nai maangi, lekin kuch mahina baad, puura Chekoslavakia ke aapan niche kar liis. Baad me, 1 September 1939 me uu Poland pe hamla karis jiske kaaran World War II suruu hoe gais. Kaaheki Germany ke army dher barraa aur tagrraa rahaa, uu Poland ke sahaj me aapan niche kar liis. Ii larrai me Poland ke 900000 soldier logan ke maut bhais rahaa.

Hitler continued on and took over France in the Battle of France. Afterwards, on October 12, 1939, Hitler sent a letter to the United Kingdom demanding they surrender and that if they do surrender, the Germans won't do anything bad to them. However, Winston Churchill, the Prime Minister at the time refused and the Battle of Britain began.

The Battle of Britain lasted throughout July to October 1940. The battle resulted in heavy losses for the Luftwaffe (German Air Force), and in early October they retreated back into Greater Germany. Hitler was unhappy and furious with the failure of the Battle and demanded that Britain be taken over one way or another.

In 1941, Hitler gave orders to attack the Soviet Union. The first attack was codenamed "Operation Barbarossa" and went from June 22, 1941 into winter that year. Russian winter is very harsh and many soldiers got sick from the cold weather. Hitler lost 250,000 men, over 2,000 aircraft and over 2,500 tanks until December 5, 1941 when Hitler's soldiers couldn't last longer there and were pushed back by the Russian defenders. Hitler, although a good strategist, had not thought this plan through and ended up losing over 20% of his army of 3.9 million.

After that, the United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union teamed up and fought Hitler's army. On April 30, 1945 Hitler killed himself and on 8, May 1945 the war was over. Nazi Germany was taken over by the four allied nations.

  1. ↑ Shirer 1960, p. 5.
  2. ↑ Butzer 2003, p. 601.
  3. ↑ Lauryssens 1999, p. 102.
  4. ↑ Evans 2003, pp. 103–108.
  5. ↑ Evans 2003, pp. 186–187.
  6. ↑ Evans 2003, pp. 170–171.
  7. ↑ Goldhagen 1996, p. 85.
  8. ↑ Evans 2003, pp. 179–180.
  9. ↑ Kershaw 2008, p. 81.
  10. ↑ Evans 2003, pp. 180–181.
  11. ↑ Evans 2003, pp. 181, 189.
  12. ↑ Childers 2017, p. 103.
  13. ↑ Shirer 1960, pp. 136–137.
  14. ↑ Goldhagen 1996, p. 87.
  15. ↑ Evans 2003, pp. 293, 302.
  16. ↑ Shirer 1960, pp. 183–184.
  17. ↑ Evans 2003, pp. 329–334.
  18. ↑ Evans 2003, pp. 354, 359.
  19. ↑ Evans 2003, p. 351.
  20. ↑ Shirer 1960, p. 196.
  21. ↑ Evans 2003, p. 336.
  22. ↑ Shirer 1960, p. 199.
  23. ↑ Evans 2003, pp. 358–359.
  24. ↑ Shirer 1960, p. 201.
  25. ↑ Evans 2005, pp. 109, 637.
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