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Benares

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Varanasi
Benares, Banaras, Kashi
Kota raya
Manikarnika Ghat, the holy cremation ground on the Ganges river front
Shehnai maestro Ustad Bismillah Khan
Faculty of Arts, Benares Hindu University
Goswami Tulsidas, composer of the Ramcharitmanas
Weaving a silk brocade
Benares Sanskrit College, India's oldest Sanskrit college, which was founded in 1791
Munshi Ghat
Dari kiri ke kanan, dari atas ke bawah: Manikarnika Ghat, tempat kremasi suci di tepi Sungai Gangga; Bismillah Khan; Fakultas Seni, Universitas Hindu Banaras; Goswami Tulsidas, komposer dari Ramcharitmanas; menenun brokat sutra; Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya, perguruan tinggi Sanskerta tertua di India (didirikan pada tahun 1791); Munshi Ghat
Julukan: 
Ibu Kota Spiritual India[1]
Peta
Peta interaktif Varanasi
Koordinat: 25°19′08″N 83°00′46″E / 25.31889°N 83.01278°E / 25.31889; 83.01278
NegaraIndia
Negara bagianUttar Pradesh
DivisiVaranasi
DistrikVaranasi
Pemerintahan
 • JenisKorporasi munisipal
 • BadanKorporasi munisipal Varanasi
 • Wali kotaAshok Tiwari[2] (BJP)
 • Komisaris KotaPranay Singh, IAS
 • Anggota ParlemenNarendra Modi, BJP
Luas
[3]
 • Kota raya82 km2 (32 sq mi)
 • Luas metropolitan
[4]
163,8 km2 (632 sq mi)
Ketinggian
80,71 m (26,480 ft)
Populasi
 (2011)
 • Kota raya1.212.610
 • Peringkatke-30
 • Kepadatan7.402/km2 (19,170/sq mi)
 • Metropolitan
[5]
1.432.280 (32nd)
DemonimBanarasi
Bahasa
 • ResmiHindi,[6] Inggris
 • Resmi tambahanUrdu[6]
 • DaerahBhojpuri
Zona waktuUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
221001 hingga 221011
221101 hingga 221405
Kode area telepon0542
Pelat kendaraanUP-65
GDP$5,2 miliar (2024–25)[7]
Pendapatan per kapitaINR 90.028[8]
Bandar udara internasionalBandar Udara Varanasi
Moda Raya TerpaduKashi Ropeway
Rasio jenis kelamin0,926 (2011) ♂/♀
Literasi (2011)80.31%[9]
IPM0.812[10]
Situs webvaranasi.nic.in

Varanasi (pelafalan dalam bahasa Hindi: [ʋaːˈɾaːɳəsi],[a][b] juga dikenal sebagai Benares atau Banaras pelafalan dalam bahasa Caribbean Hindustani: [bəˈnaːɾəs][c][12][13][14]), atau Kashi,[d][15] adalah sebuah kota di tepi Sungai Gangga di India Utara yang memegang peranan sentral dalam tradisi ziarah, kematian, dan perkabungan di dunia Hindu.[16][e] Kota ini juga memiliki tradisi sinkretis seni kriya Islam yang menjadi landasan bagi pariwisata religiusnya.[19] Terletak di lembah tengah Sungai Gangga di bagian tenggara negara bagian Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi berada di tepi kiri sungai tersebut. Kota ini berjarak 692 kilometer di sebelah tenggara ibu kota India, New Delhi, dan 320 kilometer di sebelah tenggara ibu kota negara bagian, Lucknow. Varanasi terletak 121 kilometer di hilir Prayagraj, lokasi pertemuan dengan Sungai Yamuna yang juga merupakan situs ziarah Hindu utama lainnya.

Varanasi memiliki budaya yang unik, yang sangat berbeda dengan tempat-tempat lain di sekitarnya. Kebudayaan ini telah melalui perkembangan ribuan tahun yang membuat Varanasi menjadi salah satu pusat kebudayaan utama di India utara. Kebudayaan Varanasi berkembang di sekitar sungai Gangga yang merupakan denyut nadi kota. Varanasi memiliki jenis musik tersendiri dalam kesenian klasik India. Kota ini telah melahirkan musisi, filsuf, pujangga, penulis terkenal dalam sejarah India. Contohnya adalah Kabir, Munshi Premchand, Jaishankar Prasad, Pandit Ravi Shankar, dan Ustad Bismillah Khan.

Varanasi memiliki dialek sendiri yang cukup berbeda dengan dialek India lainnya. Kota ini juga telah menjadi pusat ilmu pengetahuan sejak 700 SM. Universitas-universitas yang ada di Varanasi telah menarik para pelajar dari seluruh dunia. Varanasi juga dikenal sebagai Pusat Kebudayaan India.

Demografi

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Agama

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Agama di kota Varanasi (2011)[20]

  Hindu (70.11%)
  Islam (28.82%)
  Kristen (0.34%)
  Sikhisme (0.22%)
  Jainisme (0.12%)
  Buddha (0.04%)
  Lainnya (0.02%)
  Tidak tahu (0.33%)
Populasi keagamaan
Agama Populasi
Hindu 840.280
Muslim 345.461
Kristen 4.034
Sikhisme 2.610
Jainisme 1.417
Buddha 461
Lainnya 233
Tidak tahu 3.995

Referensi

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  1. ↑ "Varanasi: Enjoy riverside view of India's spiritual capital aboard luxury cruise vessel 'Alaknanda'". The Times of India. 14 Agustus 2018. Diakses tanggal 5 Juni 2026.{{cite news}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
  2. ↑ Dikshit, Rajeev (13 Mei 2023). "In Varanasi BJP's Ashok Tiwari defeats SP by 1.33L votes". The Times of India. Diakses tanggal 21 Mei 2023.{{cite news}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
  3. ↑ "Varanasi City". 7 Januari 2022. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 19 Agustus 2021. Diakses tanggal 21 November 2020.{{cite web}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
  4. ↑ "District Census Handbook Varanasi" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi aslinya tanggal 25 November 2020. Diakses tanggal 23 Desember 2020.{{cite web}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
  5. ↑ "Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi aslinya tanggal 17 Oktober 2013. Diakses tanggal 12 Mei 2014.
  6. 1 2 "52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India" (PDF). nclm.nic.in. Ministry of Minority Affairs. Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 25 Mei 2017. Diakses tanggal 26 Desember 2018.{{cite web}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
  7. ↑ "Varanasi saw Rs 40,000 crore worth of development in 8 years Keshav Maurya". ThePrint. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 26 Maret 2025. Diakses tanggal 30 Juni 2025.{{cite web}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
  8. ↑ "Varanasi saw Rs 40,000 crore worth of development in 8 years Keshav Maurya". ThePrint. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi aslinya tanggal 19 Agustus 2019. Diakses tanggal 30 Juni 2025.{{cite web}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
  9. ↑ "Slum Free City Plan of Action Varanasi" (PDF). Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi aslinya tanggal 28 Juni 2020. Diakses tanggal 28 Juni 2020.{{cite web}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
  10. ↑ Chaurasia, Aalok Ranjan (26 Juli 2023). "Human Development in Districts of India 2019–2021". Indian Journal of Human Development. 17 (2): 219–252. doi:10.1177/09737030231178362. Diakses tanggal 11 Mei 2024.{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
  11. ↑ San Chirico, Kerry P. C. (2012), "Banaras", dalam Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark (ed.), Encyclopedia of Global Religion, Volume 1, hlm. 114–116, ISBN 9780761927297, Varanasi is the city's revived, post-independence designation, which combines the names of two rivers on either side of it.
  12. ↑ "Varanasi", Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1 September 2021, diakses tanggal 14 Desember 2021, Varanasi, also called Benares, Banaras, or Kashi, city, southeastern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India.{{citation}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
  13. ↑ San Chirico, Kerry P. C. (2012). "Banaras". Dalam Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark (ed.). Encyclopedia of Global Religion. Vol. 1. hlm. 114–116. ISBN 9780761927297. The city was identified in the Pali language as Baranasi, from which emerged the corrupt form of the name, 'Banaras', by which the city is still widely known.
  14. ↑ "Benares" is the name that appears in the 1909 official map of India.
  15. ↑ San Chirico, Kerry P. C. (2012). "Banaras". Dalam Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark (ed.). Encyclopedia of Global Religion. Vol. 1. hlm. 114–116. ISBN 9780761927297. ... in the fifth century BCE, ... the Kingdom of Kashi was one of the 16 kingdoms to emerge from the ascendant Aryan tribes.
  16. ↑
    • Fouberg, Erin H.; Moseley, William G. (2018), Understanding World Geography, New York: John Wiley & Sons, hlm. 173, ISBN 9781119473169, OCLC 1066742384, The city of Varanasi, India, is central to the death tradition in Hinduism. Hindus see Varanasi as the world of death and life, and some make pilgrimages to Varanasi to die. In Hindu tradition, if a person dies in the holy city of Varanasi on the Ganges River, he or she is attains moksha, or freedom from the cycle of death and rebirth. Pilgrims travel to Varanasi to cremate their deceased relatives on the ghats along the river.
    • Eck, Diana (2013) [1981], Banaras, the City of Light, Alfred Knopf Inc, [Columbia University Press], hlm. 324, –No other city on earth is as famous for death as is Banāras. More than for her temples and magnificent ghāts, more than for her silks and brocades, Banāras, the Great Cremation Ground, is known for death. At the centre of the city along the riverfront is Manikarnikā, the sanctuary of death, with its ceaselessly smoking cremation pyres. The burning ghāt extends its influence and the sense of its presence throughout the city.
    • Parry, Jonathan P. (2000) [1994], Death in Banaras, Lewis Henry Morgan Lectures, Cambridge University Press, hlm. 1, ISBN 9780521466257, As a place to die, to dispose of the physical remains of the deceased and to perform the rites which ensure that the departed attains a 'good state' after death, the north Indian city of Banaras attracts pilgrims and mourners from all over the Hindu world.
    • Singh, Ravi Nandan (2022). Dead in Banaras: An Ethnography of Funeral Travelling. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. The present-day Banaras, at first sign, is a new place. Rightly so, the baton must then pass on to an all new chronicling of the place. Yet, a connecting link, as always, may come into play, between the book's time and other times of Banaras. Let me give an example of what such a connection might look like. Jonathan Parry (1994) in his classic Death in Banaras laments in the preface to the book that he could not incorporate the coming in of the electric crematorium in his descriptions of the funerary organization in Banaras. Two decades later into my fieldwork, I found that it is in part, the efficiency of the open-air, manual cremation that Parry so effectively captures in his book that explains how a promising symbol of industrial modernity, the electric crematorium, falls short of the typecast. In the years between his book and my fieldwork, the electric crematorium sat lonely and was sparingly used against the cheer of the always-on, busy, manual pyres whose flames continue to dot the scene of the ghats in a contrasting relief. In this above sense, I believe, Parry already provides us a portrait of the electric crematorium's social imaginary in Banaras. The question of the shift from wooden pyres to the electric crematorium is then not about competing technologies but that of ethics with which the dead are tended to amidst the assemblies of funeral travellers.
  17. ↑ Garces-Foley, Kathleen (2022), "At the Intersection of Death and Religion", dalam Garces-Foley, Kathleen (ed.), Death and Religion in a Changing World (Edisi 2), London and New York: Routledge, hlm. 186, doi:10.4324/9781003126997, ISBN 978-0-367-64930-2, It is not uncommon for immigrants to discover that their long-established death practices are deemed unacceptable by civil authorities in their new home. We see this for example in the experiences of Sikhs and Hindus living in Sweden and the United States where open cremation pyres are not permitted. Market forces and social context also shape religious practices by limiting access to some goods and services while promoting others and offering new possibilities for action. ... The logistical difficulty of transporting a body from the United States or the UK to the auspicious city of Varanasi, India, for cremation is surmounted by entrepreneurial service providers who manage the process for Hindu customers.
  18. ↑ Arnold, David (2021), Burning the Dead: Hindu Nationhood and the Global Construction of Indian Tradition, Oakland: University of California Press, hlm. 11, ISBN 9780520379343, LCCN 2020026923, While Benares is undeniably central to the performance and perception of modern Indian cremation, that history cannot be told from Benares alone. Rather, ... the narrative needs to encompass colonial India's two main metropolises, Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata), as well as the movement of Indians overseas and their memorialization abroad. ... The history of cremation in India is far more than the history of traditional rites and practices that it is conventionally taken to be—if tradition is assumed to mean "timeless" custom and immutable belief. On the contrary, cremation in modern India and across the South Asian diaspora is a history of contestation and change, of longing and denial, adaptation and innovation. India, too, has gifted to the world a modern cremation movement, though its meaning, form, and global resonance necessarily differed substantially from the Western cremation movement with which it was nearly contemporaneous.
  19. ↑
    • Williams, Philippa (17 Januari 2019). "Working Narratives of Intercommunity Harmony in Varanasi's Silk Sari Industry". Dalam Jeffrey, Roger; Jeffrey, Craig; Lerche, Jens (ed.). Development Failure and Identity Politics in Uttar Pradesh. SAGE. hlm. 211–238. ISBN 978-81-321-1663-9. 'Varanasi … is the city where Hindus and Muslims … are interwoven like threads as in the lovely silk saris for which Kashi (Varanasi) is so famous for (Puniyani, 2006).'(quoted) Varanasi is most often represented as a sacred Hindu pilgrimage centre (see Eck, 1983), as its social and cultural urban spaces have been often examined through the imagined and lived realities of Hinduism (Hertel and Humes, 1993; Parry, 1994; Singh and Rana, 2002). But it is also home to a sizeable Muslim population, which in 2001 comprised 30 per cent of the city's residents, significantly more than the percentage of Muslims in UP (Census of India, 2001). Unlike the city's majority Hindu inhabitants (63 per cent), who occupy a range of occupations in different economic sectors, Muslims in the city are predominantly involved in the production of silk fabrics, as well as other smaller artisanal industries (see Kumar, 1988). Muslims first settled in Varanasi in the eleventh century, when, following the defeat of an invading Muslim army, women, children and civilians were permitted to remain on the northern side of the city and serve the Hindu kings. Many learned the craft of weaving, incorporating their skills and designs into the fabrics. Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, the French explorer and cultural anthropologist, visited Varanasi between 1660 and 1665 and reported that in the courtyard of a rest house in the Chowk area the trading of reshmi (silk) and suti (cotton) fabrics was taking place between Muslim karigars (artisans or craftsmen) and Hindu Mahajans (traders){{cite book}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
  20. ↑

Pranala luar

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Artikel bertopik geografi atau tempat India ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

  1. ↑ Vārāṇasī
  2. ↑ Nama Varanasi secara resmi dihidupkan kembali setelah tahun 1947.[11]
  3. ↑ hi-Banaras.ogg
  4. ↑ (Kāśī [ˈka:ʃi] ⓘ)
  5. ↑ Hal ini terjadi di saat tradisi-tradisi mengalami transformasi akibat modernisasi, pergantian generasi, dan emigrasi.[17][18]
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