I-Veto

IVeto ligunya elisemthethweni lokumisa isenzo esisemthethweni ngokuzimeleyo. Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo kukuba umongameli okanye ukumkani avimbe umthetho oyilwayo ukuze ungabi ngumthetho. Kwilizwe ezininzi, amandla eveto abekwe kumgaqo-siseko welizwe. Amandla eveto afumaneka nakwamanye amanqanaba karhulumente, njengakurhulumente wengingqi okanye wengingqi, nakwimibutho yamazwe ngamazwe.

Ezinye iiveto zinokoyiswa, ngokufuthi ngevoti yesininzi esikhulu: eMelika, ivoti yesibini kwisithathu yeNdlu yabaMeli kunye neNdlu yeeNkundla eziPhakamileyo inokoyisa iveto kamongameli. Ezinye iiveto, nangona kunjalo, azinakoyiswa kwaphela. Umzekelo, kwiBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe eziManyeneyo, amalungu amahlanu asisigxina (iTshayina, iFransi, iRashiya, iUnited Kingdom, neMelika) aneveto epheleleyo kuso nasiphi na isigqibo seBhunga loKhuseleko.

Kwiimeko ezininzi, igunya leveto linokusetyenziswa kuphela ukuthintela utshintsho kwimeko ekhoyo. Kodwa ezinye iiveto ziquka amandla okwenza okanye ukuphakamisa utshintsho. Umzekelo, umongameli waseIndiya unokusebenzisa iveto yokulungisa ukuphakamisa izilungiso kwiibhilikhi ezivetiweyo.

Igunya lesigqeba lokuvimba umthetho lelinye lawona mathuluzi aphambili esigqeba kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, kunye negunya lokwenza isindululo. Lidla ngokufumaneka kwiinkqubo zomongameli nezingongameli. Kwiinkqubo zepalamente, intloko yelizwe idla ngokuba neveto ebuthathaka okanye ingabinayo kwaphela. Kodwa nangona ezinye iinkqubo zepolitiko zingenawo amandla eveto asemthethweni, zonke iinkqubo zepolitiko zinabadlali beveto, abantu okanye amaqela anokusebenzisa amandla entlalo nezopolitiko ukuthintela utshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo.

Igama elithi "veto" livela kwisiLatini elithetha "ndiyala". Ingcamango yeveto yaqala kwiiofisi zaseRoma zeeconsul kunye neetribuni zabantu. Kwakukho iiconsul ezimbini minyaka yonke; nayiphi na iconsul yayinokuvimba isenzo somkhosi okanye sombutho yenye. Iitribuni zazinamandla okumisa ngokuzimeleyo nasiphi na isenzo somphathi waseRoma okanye imimiselo eyayipasiswa yiSenethi yaseRoma.

Imbali

I-Veto yaseRoma

Iqumrhu leveto, elalisaziwa ngamaRoma ngokuba yi-intercessio, lamkelwa yiRiphabliki yaseRoma ngenkulungwane yesi-6 BC ukuze iitribuni zikwazi ukukhusela iimfuno ze-plebeians (abemi abaqhelekileyo) kwiingenelelo ze-patricians, ababelawula iSenethi. Iveto yetribuni yayingathinteli iSenethi ekupasiseni umthetho oyilwayo kodwa yayithetha ukuba awunakuba namandla okuba ngumthetho. Iitribuni zazinokusebenzisa iveto ukuthintela umthetho oyilwayo ukuba ungeniswe kwindibano yabantu. Iiconsul nazo zazinamandla eveto, njengoko ukuthatha izigqibo ngokubanzi kwakufuna imvume yazo zombini iiconsul. Ukuba zazingavumelani, enye yayinokufaka i-intercessio ukuvimba isenzo senye. Iveto yayiyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yengcamango yamaRoma yokuba amandla asetyenziswa kungekuphela nje ukuphatha imicimbi yombuso kodwa nokulawula nokunciphisa amandla amagosa nequmrhu eliphezulu lombuso.

Ukusetyenziswa okubalulekileyo kweveto yaseRoma kwenzeka kuguquko lomhlaba lwaseGracchan, olwaqalwa yitribuni uTiberius Gracchus ngo-133 BC. Xa itribuni yakhe uMarcus Octavius yavimba uguquko, iNdibano yavota ukumsusa ngenkcazo yokuba itribuni kufuneka imele iimfuno ze-plebeians. Kamva, iisenethi ezazicaphukileyo ngenxa yoguquko zambulala uGracchus nabalandeli bakhe, nto leyo eyaqala ixesha lobundlobongela bezopolitiko baseRoma.

I-Liberum veto

Kumgaqo-siseko wePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ngenkulungwane ye-17 neye-18, yonke imithetho oyilwayo kwakufuneka ipasiswe yiSejm okanye "Seimas" (ipalamente) ngemvumelwano epheleleyo, kwaye ukuba nawuphi na ummeli wawusebenzisa i-liberum veto, oku kwakungavimbi nje loo mthetho kodwa yonke imithetho eyayipasiswe ngaphambili kwelo xesha, kwaye kwakuchithwa nendibano yowiso-mthetho ngokwayo. Ingcamango yavela kwingcamango "yedemokhrasi yasePoland" yokuba nawuphi na umPoland onobuhandiba wayegqalwa njengolingana nomnye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba isimo sakhe sempahla sasiphantsi okanye siphezulu kangakanani. Ukusetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kweli gunya leveto kwaqhawula amandla endlui yowiso-mthetho kwaye, kudityaniswa noluhlu lookumkani ababuthathaka, kwakhokelela ekugqibeleni kukwahlulwa nokuchithwa kombuso wasePoland ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18.

Ukuvela kweeVeto zanamhlanje

Iveto yesigqeba yanamhlanje ivela kwiziko laseYurophu lemvume yobukhosi, apho imvume kakumkani yayifuneka ukuze imithetho ibe ngumthetho. Oku kwavela kwiinkqubo zobukhosi zangaphambili apho imithetho yayikhutshwa ngukumkani ngokwakhe, njengoko kwakunjalo eNgilani de kwaba ngulawulo luka-Edward III ngenkulungwane ye-14. ENgilani ngokwayo, amandla kakumkani okwala imvume yobukhosi awazange asetyenziswe emva ko-1708, kodwa asetyenziswa kakhulu kwiikoloni zaseBritane. Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kweli gunya kwakhankanywa kwiSibhengezo seenkululeko saseMelika ngo-1776.

Emva kweMvukelo yaseFransi ngo-1789, iveto yobukhosi yaxoxwa kakhulu, kwaye amakhulu ezindululo angeniswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zeveto yobukhosi, njengepheleleyo, eyethutyana, okanye engekhoyo. Ngokwamkelwa koMgaqo-siseko waseFransi ka-1791, uKumkani uLouis XVI waphulukana neveto yakhe epheleleyo waza wafumana igunya lokukhupha iveto yethutyana eyayinokoyiswa ngesininzi seevoti kwiiseshoni ezimbini zilandelelanayo zeNdibano yoWiso-mthetho, ezaziza kuthatha iminyaka emine ukuya kwemithandathu. Ngokupheliswa kobukhosi ngo-1792, umbuzo weveto yobukhosi yaseFransi waphelelwa yinto.

Iveto kamongameli yaqalwa ziiriphabliki ngenkulungwane ye-18 neye-19 njengesixhobo esichasene nesininzi, sinciphisa amandla esininzi sowiso-mthetho. Ezinye iingcali zepolitiko ezinjengoThomas Jefferson, nangona kunjalo, zaxoxa ngokuphelisa igunya leveto ngokupheleleyo njengentsalela yobukhosi. Ukuphepha ukunika umongameli amandla amaninzi, uninzi lweeveto zokuqala zikamongameli, njengegunya leveto eMelika, yayiziiveto ezifanelekileyo ezazinokoyiswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Kodwa oku kwakungenjalo ngaso sonke ixesha: umgaqo-siseko waseChile ka-1833, umzekelo, wanika umongameli welo lizwe iveto epheleleyo.

Iindidi

Uninzi lweeveto zanamhlanje zenzelwe ukujonga amandla karhulumente, okanye isebe likarhulumente, ikakhulu isebe lowiso-mthetho. Ngoko ke, koorhulumente abanolwahlulo lwamagunya, iiveto zinokuhlelwa ngesebe likarhulumente elizisebenzisayo: iveto yesigqeba, iveto yowiso-mthetho, okanye iveto yenkundla.

Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iindidi zamandla eveto zikhusela ezinye iimfuno. Ukwala imvume yobukhosi ngabalawuli kwiikoloni zaseBritane, okwaqhubeka emva kokuba umkhuba uphelile eBritane ngokwayo, kwakusebenza njengesithintelo selinye inqanaba likarhulumente ngokuchasene nelinye. Iiveto zinokusetyenziswa nokukhusela iimfuno zamaqela athile elizweni. Amandla eveto eetribuni zaseRoma zamandulo akhusela iimfuno zodidi oluthile lwentlalo (ii-plebeians) ngokuchasene nolunye (ii-patricians). Ekutshintsheni kobandlululo, "iveto yabamhlophe" yokukhusela iimfuno zabamhlophe baseMzantsi Afrika yaphakanyiswa kodwa ayizange yamkelwe. Kutshanje, iiveto zabantu bomthonyama kwiiprojekthi zoshishino kumhlaba wabantu bomthonyama ziphakanyisiwe emva kweSibhengezo samaXhosa aBantu boMthonyama sango-2007, esifuna "imvume ekhululekileyo, yangaphambili neyazisiweyo" yabantu bomthonyama kwiiprojekthi zophuhliso okanye zokutsalwa kwemithombo kumhlaba wabo. Nangona kunjalo, oorhulumente abaninzi baye bangafuni ukuvumela iveto enjalo.

Iiveto zinokuhlelwa ngokokuba iqumrhu elivetiweyo linokoyisa na, kwaye ukuba kunjalo, njani. Iveto epheleleyo ayinakoyiswa kwaphela. Iveto efanelekileyo inokoyiswa ngesininzi esikhulu, njengesibini kwisithathu okanye isithathu kwezintlanu. Iveto yethutyana, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiveto yexeshana, inokoyiswa ngesininzi esilula, kwaye ngoko icotha kuphela umthetho ekuqalekeni kwawo.

Iindidi zeVeto zoLawulo

Iveto yepakethe, ekwabizwa ngokuba "yiveto yebhloko" okanye "iveto epheleleyo", ivimba isenzo sowiso-mthetho siphela. Ngokuchaseneyo, iveto yecandelo, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiveto yomgca, ivumela isigqeba ukuba sichase kuphela inxalenye ethile yomthetho ngelixa sivumela ezinye zime. Isigqeba esineveto yecandelo sinendawo eyomeleleyo yothethathethwano kunesigqeba esineveto yepakethe kuphela. Iveto yokulungisa okanye umbono wokulungisa ubuyisela umthetho kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ngezilungiso eziphakanyisiweyo, ezinokuthi zibe yindlu yowiso-mthetho inokuthi izamkele okanye izoyise. Isiphumo sokungenzi nto kwindlu yowiso-mthetho sinokwahluka: kwezinye iinkqubo, ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ayenzi nto, umthetho oyilwayo ovetiweyo uyawa, ngelixa kwezinye, umthetho oyilwayo ovetiweyo uba ngumthetho. Ngenxa yokuba iveto yokulungisa inika isigqeba indima eyomeleleyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, idla ngokubonwa njengophawu lwamandla eveto awomeleleyo ngokukodwa.

Amanye amandla eveto anqunyelwe kwimicimbi yohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali (njengeeveto zomgca kwezinye iindawo zaseMelika, okanye iveto yemali eNew Zealand). Amanye amandla eveto (njengaseFinland) asebenza kuphela kwimicimbi engeyiyo eyohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali; ezinye (njengaseMzantsi Afrika) zisebenza kuphela kwimicimbi yomgaqo-siseko. Igunya leveto elinganqunyelwanga ngolu hlobo laziwa ngokuba "yiveto yomgaqo-nkqubo".

Olunye uhlobo lweveto yohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali, iveto yokunciphisa, efumaneka kumazwe amaninzi aseMelika, inika isigqeba igunya lokunciphisa izabelo zohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali ezenziwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Xa isigqeba sinikwe iiveto ezahlukeneyo, iinkqubo zokuzoyisa zinokwahluka. Umzekelo, kwilizwe laseMelika i-Illinois, ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ayenzi nto ngeveto yokunciphisa, ukunciphisa kuba ngumthetho ngokwaso, ngelixa ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ayenzi nto ngeveto yokulungisa, umthetho oyilwayo uyafa.

Iveto yepokotho yiveto eyenzeka ngokungenzi nto kwesigqeba okanye intloko yelizwe. EMelika, iveto yepokotho inokusetyenziswa kuphela ngasekupheleni kwesesheni yowiso-mthetho; ukuba umhla wokugqibela wokwenza komongameli udlula ngesikhathi seseshoni yowiso-mthetho, umthetho oyilwayo uba ngumthetho nje. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ayinakoyisa iveto yepokotho

Amanye amandla eveto anqunyelwe kumxholo wawo. Iveto yomgaqo-siseko ivumela isigqeba kuphela ukuba sivimbe imithetho oyilwayo engqubanayo nomgaqo-siseko; ngokuchaseneyo, "iveto yomgaqo-nkqubo" inokusetyenziswa naphi na apho isigqeba singavumelani nomthetho oyilwayo ngezizathu zomgaqo-nkqubo. Oomongameli abaneveto yomgaqo-siseko baquka abo baseBenin naseMzantsi Afrika.

Ukuphikisana nomthetho

Iveto yowiso-mthetho ligunya leveto elisetyenziswa liqumrhu lowiso-mthetho. Linokuba liveto elisetyenziswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho ngokuchasene nesenzo sesebe lesigqeba, njengakwimeko yeveto yowiso-mthetho eMelika, efumaneka kumazwe angama-28 aseMelika. Linokuba likwaligunya leveto elisetyenziswa lelinye igumbi lendlu yowiso-mthetho enamagumbi amabini ngokuchasene nelinye, njengoko kwakunjalo ngaphambili kumalungu eSenethi yaseFiji awayemiselwe liBhunga eliPhakamileyo leeNkosi

Veto malunga nabaviwa

Kwezinye iinkqubo zepolitiko, iqumrhu elithile linokuba neveto ngabagqatswa besikhundla esinyuliweyo. Olu hlobo lweveto lunokubizwa ngokuba "kuvavanywa".

Ngokwembali, ookumkani abathile bamaKatolika baseYurophu babenakho ukuvimba abagqatswa bobupopu, igunya elalisaziwa ngokuba yi-jus exclusivae. Eli gunya lasetyenziswa okokugqibela ngo-1903 nguFranz Joseph I waseAustria.

EIran, iBhunga loMlindi linamandla okuvuma okanye ukungavumi abagqatswa, ukongeza kwigunya lalo leveto ngowiso-mthetho.

EChina, emva kokuphumelela kwedemokhrasi kunyulo lwaseHong Kong lwango-2019, ngo-2021 iNational People's Congress yamkela umthetho owanika iKomiti yokuPhonononga ukuFaneleka kwaBagqatswa, emiselwe nguMlawuli oPhezulu waseHong Kong, igunya lokuvimba abagqatswa kwiBhunga loWiso-mthetho laseHong Kong.

Ukulinganisela kwamandla

Kwiinkqubo zomongameli nezingongameli, iveto ligunya lowiso-mthetho lobongameli, kuba libandakanya umongameli kwinkqubo yokwenza umthetho. Ngokuchasene namagunya asebenzayo njengokukwazi ukwazisa umthetho, iveto ligunya elisebenzayo, kuba umongameli akanakuvimba umthetho oyilwayo de kube yindlu yowiso-mthetho iwupasisile.

Amandla eveto yesigqeba adla ngokuhlelwa njengamandla "omeleleyo" okanye "abuthathaka". Igunya leveto linokugqalwa njengelomeleleyo okanye elibuthathaka ngokuxhomekeke kububanzi balo, imida yexesha lokulisebenzisa kunye neemfuno zokuba iqumrhu elivetiweyo lizoyise. Ngokubanzi, okukhona isininzi esifunekayo sokoyisa sikhulu, kokukhona iveto yomelela.

Iiveto zecandelo azichatshazelwa lula kukoyiswa kuneveto zepakethe, kwaye iingcali zepolitiko eziye zafunda lo mba ngokubanzi ziqwalasele iiveto zecandelo ukuba zinika isigqeba amandla amakhulu kuneveto zepakethe. Nangona kunjalo, uphando olusebenzayo lweveto yomgca kurhulumente wamazwe aseMelika alufumananga mpembelelo ingaguqukiyo kumandla esigqeba okuqhubela phambili i-ajenda yaso. Iiveto zokulungisa zinika isigqeba amandla amakhulu kuneveto zokucima, kuba zinika isigqeba amandla okusondeza umgaqo-nkqubo kufutshane nesimo esisithandayo kunokuba bekunokwenzeka. Kodwa iveto yepakethe yethutyana enokoyiswa ngesininzi esilula inokusebenza ekumiseni okanye ekuguquleni umthetho. Umzekelo, e-Estonia ngo-1993, umongameli uLennart Meri wakwazi ukufumana izilungiso kumthetho ocetywayo weLaw on Aliens emva kokukhupha iveto yethutyana yomthetho oyilwayo kunye nokuphakamisa izilungiso ezisekelwe kwiimbono zeengcali kumthetho waseYurophu.

Ehlabathini Lonke

Emhlabeni jikelele, iveto yesigqeba ngowiso-mthetho yinto ephawulekayo kwiinkqubo zomongameli nezingongameli, kunye namandla eveto anamandla ngokubanzi anxulunyaniswa namandla omongameli anamandla ngokubanzi. Kwiinkqubo zepalamente, amandla eveto entloko yelizwe adla ngokuba buthathaka okanye angabikho kwaphela. Ngokukodwa, kwiinkqubo zaseWestminster nakwimibuso emininzi yomgaqo-siseko, igunya lokuvimba umthetho ngokungavumi imvume yobukhosi, nangona ngokobuchwepheshe lipheleleyo, ligunya elingasoloko lisetyenziswa lokumkani. Ngokwesiqhelo, iCrown ilandela isivumelwano sokusebenzisa ilungelo layo ngokucebisa kwepalamente.

Amaziko ehlabathi

Benin: Umongameli unokubuyisela umthetho kwiNdibano yeSizwe ukuze uphononongwe kwakhona kwiintsuku ezili-15 (okanye iintsuku ezili-5 ukuba umthetho ubhengezwe njengongxamisekileyo). INdibano yeSizwe inokoyisa iveto ngokupasisa umthetho kwakhona ngesininzi esipheleleyo. Ukuba umongameli emva koko uvimba umthetho okwesibini, iNdibano yeSizwe inokucela iNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko ukuba igwebe ngomgaqo-siseko wawo. Ukuba iNkundla igweba ukuba umthetho uhambelana nomgaqo-siseko, uba ngumthetho. Ukuba umongameli akawamkeli okanye akawubuyiseli umthetho ngexesha elimiselweyo leentsuku ezili-15 okanye ezi-5, oku kusebenza njengeveto, kwaye iNdibano yeSizwe inokucela iNkundla ukuba ibhengeze umthetho njengomgaqo-siseko kwaye usebenze. Oku kwenzeka umzekelo ngo-2008, xa uMongameli uYayi engazange athabathe manyathelo kumthetho oyilwayo owawuza kubeka umhla wokuphela "kwimilinganiselo ekhethekileyo" awayeyisebenzisile ukugcina iNdibano yeSizwe ihlangene. Emva kokuvimba umthetho oyilwayo ngale ndlela, umongameli wacela iNkundla ukuba iphonononge umgaqo-siseko. INkundla yagweba ukuba xa umhla wokugqibela wesenzo sikamongameli udlulile, yiNdibano yeSizwe kuphela enokucela uphononongo, nto leyo eyayenzile (kwaye yaphumelela). Cameroon: Umongameli unegunya lokubuyisela imithetho oyilwayo ePalamente ukuze ifundwe okwesibini. Eli gunya kufuneka lisetyenziswe kwiintsuku ezili-15. Ekufundweni kwesibini umthetho oyilwayo kufuneka upasiswe ngesininzi esipheleleyo ukuze ube ngumthetho. Liberia: Umongameli uneveto yepakethe, yecandelo kunye neyepokotho phantsi kweSiqendu 35 soMgaqo-siseko ka-1986. Umongameli uneentsuku ezingamashumi amabini zokusayina umthetho oyilwayo ukuze ube ngumthetho, kodwa unokuvimba umthetho oyilwayo wonke okanye iinxalenye zawo, emva koko iNdlu yowiso-mthetho kufuneka iphinde iwupasise ngesininzi sesibini kwisithathu sazo zombini iindlu. Ukuba uMongameli akasayini umthetho oyilwayo kwiintsuku ezingamashumi amabini kwaye iNdlu yowiso-mthetho iyahlukana, umthetho oyilwayo uyawa. South Africa: Umongameli uneveto ebuthathaka yomgaqo-siseko. Umongameli unokubuyisela umthetho oyilwayo kwiNdibano yeSizwe ukuba unenkxalabo malunga nokuhambelana kwawo nomgaqo-siseko. Ukuba iNdibano yeSizwe ipasisa umthetho oyilwayo okwesibini, umongameli kufuneka awusayine okanye awuthumele kwiNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko yoMzantsi Afrika ukuze kugqitywe ukuba umthetho oyilwayo uhambelana nomgaqo-siseko. Ukuba akukho nkxalabo yomgaqo-siseko, imvume kamongameli kumthetho inyanzelekile. Uganda: Umongameli uneveto yepakethe neyecandelo. Eli gunya kufuneka lisetyenziswe kwiintsuku ezingama-30 zokufumana umthetho. Okokuqala xa umongameli ebuyisela umthetho oyilwayo ePalamente, iPalamente inokuwuphinda iwupasise ngesininzi esilula. Ukuba umongameli uwubuyisela okwesibini, iPalamente inokoyisa iveto ngesininzi sesibini kwisithathu. Oku kwenzeka umzekelo ekuphasisweni kwe-Income Tax Amendment Act 2016, eyakhulula izibonelelo zamalungu owiso-mthetho kwirhafu. Zambia: Phantsi komgaqo-siseko ka-1996, umongameli wayeneveto yepokotho epheleleyo: ukuba wayengavumi kumthetho kwaye engawubuyiseli epalamente ukuze ube nokoyiswa, wawufa ngonaphakade. Eli gunya elingaqhelekanga lapheliswa kuhlengahlengiso ngokubanzi lwemimiselo yoMgaqo-siseko ngo-2016.

I-America

veto