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USS Mississippi (CGN 40)

USS MISSISSIPPI was the third ship in the VIRGINIA - class of nuclear powered guided missile cruisers and the fourth ship in the Navy to bear the name. After decommissioning, the MISSISSIPPI was laid up at the Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility (NISMF), Bremerton, WA., until she was disposed of by recycling. USS MISSISSIPPI was homeported in Norfolk, VA.

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Crew List:

This section contains the names of sailors who served aboard USS MISSISSIPPI. It is no official listing but contains the names of sailors who submitted their information.

• Click here to view the list.

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USS MISSISSIPPI Cruise Books:

• Commissioning Cruise Book 1979
• Mediterranean Cruise Book 1982-83
• Mediterranean and Northern Atlantic Cruise Book 1984-85

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History of USS MISSISSIPPI:

Originally designated DLGN 40, USS MISSISSIPPI was built by Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company at Newport News, Virginia. Her keel was laid on February 22, 1975. On June 30, 1975, she was reclassified as a guided-missile cruiser and redesignated CGN 40 as part of the Navy's general reclassification of surface combatants.

MISSISSIPPI was launched on July 31, 1976, sponsored by Miss Janet H. Finch, daughter of Mississippi Governor Charles C. Finch. Following construction, fitting out, and sea trials, the cruiser was commissioned at Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia, on August 5, 1978, with Capt. Peter M. Hekman Jr. as her first commanding officer. President Jimmy Carter attended the commissioning ceremony, together with Secretary of Defense Harold Brown and Senator John C. Stennis of Mississippi. Norfolk remained the cruiser's homeport throughout her commissioned service.

MISSISSIPPI was equipped with two General Electric D2G nuclear reactors powering two shafts, providing a sustained speed in excess of 30 knots. Her original armament included two twin-arm Mk 26 guided-missile launchers for Standard surface-to-air missiles and ASROC anti-submarine weapons, two 5-inch/54-caliber Mk 45 guns, and Mk 46 torpedoes. The ship was also designed with facilities for operating a Light Airborne Multi-Purpose System (LAMPS) helicopter, including a flight deck, a below-deck hangar, and an elevator. Harpoon anti-ship missiles, Phalanx close-in weapon systems, Tomahawk cruise missiles, and improvements to the Standard missile system were incorporated during subsequent modernization programs.

Following commissioning, MISSISSIPPI began a program of engineering trials, combat-system evaluations, and operational training in Atlantic Fleet operating areas. The trials included assessments of the nuclear propulsion plant, radar and sonar equipment, weapons systems, navigation equipment, and communications systems.

On January 8, 1979, MISSISSIPPI departed Norfolk for her shakedown cruise in the Caribbean Sea and waters off South America. The cruise provided the crew with its first extended period of operations away from homeport and included navigation training, engineering drills, damage-control exercises, and evaluations of the ship's weapons and combat systems. During the cruise, MISSISSIPPI conducted exercises intended to establish the operational readiness of her newly commissioned crew and equipment. The training included anti-air warfare procedures, surface surveillance, anti-submarine warfare operations, and simulated engagements against air and surface targets. The cruiser completed the shakedown cruise on February 13, 1979, and returned to Norfolk.

Following shakedown, MISSISSIPPI underwent additional inspections, repairs, and equipment adjustments. The ship continued local training and operational evaluations during the remainder of 1979, including exercises in the Virginia Capes and Caribbean operating areas. During this period, the crew also completed qualifications associated with the operation and maintenance of the ship's nuclear propulsion plant. MISSISSIPPI subsequently participated in Atlantic Fleet exercises with other American surface combatants and naval aircraft while preparing for her first overseas deployment.

On July 2, 1980, Capt. Raynor A. K. Taylor relieved Capt. Peter M. Hekman Jr. as commanding officer. During the remainder of 1980, MISSISSIPPI continued training and readiness evaluations along the U.S. East Coast.

On February 26, 1981, MISSISSIPPI participated in Exercise READEX 1-81 in the Atlantic Ocean. During the exercise, six nuclear-powered guided-missile cruisers operated together in formation: USS TEXAS (CGN 39), MISSISSIPPI, USS CALIFORNIA (CGN 36), USS SOUTH CAROLINA (CGN 37), USS VIRGINIA (CGN 38), and USS ARKANSAS (CGN 41). The exercise included coordinated fleet maneuvering, tactical communications, and naval warfare training involving nuclear-powered surface combatants.

During the following months, MISSISSIPPI completed additional maintenance and preparations for her first deployment to the Mediterranean Sea.

On August 3, 1981, MISSISSIPPI departed Norfolk for a six-month deployment to the U.S. Sixth Fleet area of responsibility. The cruiser operated with American carrier forces that included USS NIMITZ (CVN 68) and USS FORRESTAL (CV 59). The deployment took place during a period of increasing tensions between the United States and Libya. The Libyan government claimed sovereignty over a large area of the Gulf of Sidra, extending its territorial-water claim well beyond internationally recognized limits. The United States rejected the Libyan claim and continued conducting freedom-of-navigation operations in the area. American naval forces maintained surveillance of Libyan aircraft and naval units while carrier aircraft conducted training and operational flights over international waters.

MISSISSIPPI provided air-defense surveillance and carrier escort support during these operations. Her assignments included maintaining the recognized air picture, tracking aircraft and surface contacts, and coordinating defensive measures with the carrier battle group.

On August 19, 1981, two F-14A Tomcats of Fighter Squadron 41, operating from USS NIMITZ, encountered two Libyan Su-22 fighter-bombers over the Gulf of Sidra. One of the Libyan aircraft fired an air-to-air missile toward the American fighters. The F-14s maneuvered to avoid the attack and returned fire with AIM-9L Sidewinder missiles, shooting down both Libyan aircraft.

MISSISSIPPI was operating as part of the American naval force during the confrontation. The cruiser also fired three RIM-66B Standard SM-1 surface-to-air missiles during the associated fleet exercise. These launches were part of the naval training activities and were separate from the air-to-air engagement involving the Libyan aircraft.

Following the confrontation, MISSISSIPPI continued operating with Sixth Fleet forces in the Mediterranean. Her duties included air-defense exercises, anti-submarine warfare training, maritime surveillance, and carrier escort operations.

On October 6, 1981, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat was assassinated during a military parade in Cairo. The United States increased its military readiness in the eastern Mediterranean as Egyptian authorities dealt with the assassination and the subsequent political transition. MISSISSIPPI was directed to operate off the Egyptian coast during this period. The cruiser maintained surveillance and continued operations with American naval forces in the region.

During the remainder of the deployment, MISSISSIPPI participated in multinational training with allied naval units and carried out her regular Sixth Fleet assignments. These included tactical communications exercises, coordinated air-defense operations, and replenishments at sea. On February 12, 1982, MISSISSIPPI completed her first Mediterranean deployment and returned to Norfolk.

During 1982, Commander in Chief, U.S. Atlantic Fleet, awarded MISSISSIPPI the Battenberg Cup, recognizing her as the Atlantic Fleet's outstanding all-around ship. The cruiser also received a Battle Efficiency Award for her operational performance. Following the deployment, MISSISSIPPI underwent maintenance and resumed exercises along the U.S. East Coast. The training included evaluations of combat-system readiness, anti-submarine warfare procedures, engineering performance, and preparations for another Mediterranean deployment.

In November 1982, MISSISSIPPI departed Norfolk for her second Mediterranean deployment. The cruiser operated with the USS NIMITZ Battle Group, which also included USS ARKANSAS. The deployment took place during the continuing Lebanese Civil War and the presence of American and multinational forces in Beirut. American naval units maintained a regular presence in the eastern Mediterranean while supporting military and diplomatic activities associated with the conflict. MISSISSIPPI performed carrier escort, air-defense, anti-submarine warfare, and maritime surveillance duties. The cruiser also participated in training with other Sixth Fleet units and maintained readiness for operations near the Lebanese coast.

On December 3, 1982, MISSISSIPPI responded to a distress call from the Greek cargo vessel ANDALUSIA, which was sinking in the Mediterranean. At approximately 12:30 a.m., the cruiser received information that ANDALUSIA was in distress at a bearing of 166 degrees and a distance of approximately 26 nautical miles. A U.S. Navy P-3C Orion maritime patrol aircraft from Patrol Squadron 49 helped direct MISSISSIPPI toward the damaged merchant ship. MISSISSIPPI proceeded to the scene and rescued all nineteen crew members from ANDALUSIA. The survivors were brought aboard the cruiser and received assistance from her crew.

Two SH-3 Sea King helicopters from Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron 9, operating from USS NIMITZ, subsequently transferred the rescued sailors from MISSISSIPPI to the aircraft carrier. MISSISSIPPI's chief engineer and damage control assistant inspected ANDALUSIA to determine whether the vessel could be saved. The inspection found that the damage was too extensive to permit salvage. At approximately 8:24 a.m., ANDALUSIA sank about 1,200 yards off the port bow of MISSISSIPPI in water approximately 195 fathoms deep. All nineteen members of the merchant ship's crew had been rescued.

Following the operation, MISSISSIPPI resumed her assigned duties in the Mediterranean. During December 1982, the cruiser operated off the Lebanese coast as part of the American naval presence supporting the Multinational Force in Beirut. The American Marine contingent was stationed near Beirut International Airport, where it had been deployed as part of efforts to stabilize the situation following the Israeli invasion of Lebanon earlier that year. MISSISSIPPI maintained surveillance and readiness for naval gunfire support while American and allied forces monitored fighting between Lebanese factions.

The cruiser also participated in freedom-of-navigation operations in the Gulf of Sidra during the deployment, continuing the American naval presence in waters disputed by Libya. During the deployment, MISSISSIPPI conducted an extended anti-submarine warfare operation against a Soviet JULIETT-class submarine in the Mediterranean. According to the ship's historical account, MISSISSIPPI maintained contact with the submarine for more than 48 consecutive hours. The prolonged tracking operation involved the ship's sonar systems, maneuvering procedures, and coordination between the combat information center and anti-submarine warfare personnel. The cruiser's anti-submarine warfare performance was subsequently recognized with the Sixth Fleet's Hook 'Em Award.

On April 18, 1983, a suicide bomber drove an explosives-laden vehicle into the United States Embassy in Beirut. The explosion destroyed much of the building and killed 63 people, including 17 Americans. MISSISSIPPI was operating on the naval gunfire support line off Beirut when the attack occurred. The cruiser continued supporting American forces in the area, providing surveillance and target identification and location assistance for naval gunfire support planning. Her activities included coordination with American Marines stationed at Beirut International Airport and with other naval units operating off the Lebanese coast.

MISSISSIPPI continued her Mediterranean deployment during the following weeks. USS NIMITZ, MISSISSIPPI, and USS ARKANSAS completed the deployment and returned to Norfolk on May 20, 1983.

During 1983, MISSISSIPPI received several awards recognizing her operational performance. These included the Sixth Fleet Battle Force Top Hand Award, a Meritorious Unit Commendation, the Top Hammer Award for performance during Atlantic Fleet exercises, and the Old Crow Award for electronic warfare. The cruiser also received her second consecutive Battle Efficiency Award and completed another successful Operational Reactor Safeguards Examination. On July 22, 1983, Capt. Phillip R. Olson relieved Capt. Raynor A. K. Taylor as commanding officer.

During August 1983, MISSISSIPPI participated in Exercise READEX 2-83 in the western Atlantic and Caribbean. The exercise involved American and allied naval forces conducting carrier operations, air defense, anti-submarine warfare, maritime surveillance, and combined tactical training. MISSISSIPPI served as the lead ship of a surface combatant group that was detached from the main exercise to participate in operations associated with Exercise Ahuas Tara II, a joint American-Honduran military exercise. Ahuas Tara II formed part of American military training activities in Central America during a period of tension involving Nicaragua, Honduras, and neighboring countries.

The group led by MISSISSIPPI subsequently operated with the USS CORAL SEA (CV 43) Battle Group in the Caribbean during late August. The operations included maritime surveillance and combined training in the waters near Central America. Following completion of the assignment, MISSISSIPPI returned to Norfolk.

During the final months of 1983, MISSISSIPPI entered a Selected Restricted Availability for maintenance and repairs. The work included inspections and servicing of engineering, mechanical, electrical, and weapons systems following her Mediterranean deployment and subsequent Atlantic Fleet operations. The maintenance period continued into early 1984. MISSISSIPPI completed the Selected Restricted Availability in April and began preparations for another overseas training deployment.

In May 1984, MISSISSIPPI joined the USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN 69) Battle Group for operations in northern European waters. Other ships participating with the carrier included USS SCOTT (DDG 995) and the fleet oiler USS MONONGAHELA (AO 178). The deployment included exercises in the North Atlantic and waters near the British Isles, together with participation in events commemorating the 40th anniversary of the Allied landings in Normandy on June 6, 1944. During the northern European operations, the carrier battle group participated in training and ceremonial activities associated with the anniversary. Ports visited by elements of the group included Portsmouth, England, Brest, France, and Lisbon, Portugal.

MISSISSIPPI conducted air-defense, anti-submarine warfare, and communications exercises while operating with the carrier and other escorts. The cruiser also participated in multinational maritime training and routine replenishments during the deployment. The battle group completed its northern European operations and returned to Norfolk in June 1984.

Following her return, MISSISSIPPI resumed preparations for a Mediterranean deployment. From July 17 to 30, 1984, the cruiser participated in Composite Training Unit Exercise 3-84. The exercise tested the ability of the carrier battle group to conduct coordinated naval warfare operations, including air defense, anti-submarine warfare, surface warfare, and strike planning. From August 20 to September 9, 1984, MISSISSIPPI participated in Readiness Exercise 2-84, another major Atlantic Fleet training event. The exercise involved complex tactical scenarios intended to prepare participating ships and aircraft for extended overseas operations.

In October 1984, MISSISSIPPI began her next Mediterranean deployment with the USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER Battle Group. The cruiser deployed on October 11, followed by the carrier's departure from Norfolk on October 12. Other ships operating with the battle group included USS WAINWRIGHT (CG 28), USS SAMPSON (DDG 10), USS COONTZ (DDG 40), USS SPRUANCE (DD 963), USS VOGE (FF 1047), USS KOELSCH (FF 1049), USS ELMER MONTGOMERY (FF 1082), the replenishment oiler USS SAVANNAH (AOR 4), and the ammunition ship USS BUTTE (AE 27).

After crossing the Atlantic, MISSISSIPPI entered the Mediterranean and began operations with the U.S. Sixth Fleet. Her duties included carrier escort, air-defense surveillance, anti-submarine warfare training, and surface warfare exercises with American and allied naval forces. The deployment took place during a period of continuing instability in Lebanon and increased American concern about terrorist attacks against military and civilian targets in the Mediterranean and Middle East. American naval forces maintained a substantial presence in the region while conducting exercises with NATO allies and regional partner nations.

During November 1984, MISSISSIPPI participated in the regular operations of the carrier battle group, including tactical maneuvering, communications exercises, and air-defense training. The group also conducted exercises intended to test coordinated responses to simulated attacks by aircraft, surface ships, and submarines. In December 1984, MISSISSIPPI participated in a joint American-Israeli anti-submarine warfare exercise in the eastern Mediterranean. The exercise began on December 11 and involved ships and aircraft from the U.S. Sixth Fleet and the Israeli Navy. Its purpose was to practice submarine detection, tracking, tactical communications, and coordination between the participating forces. MISSISSIPPI operated with units of the USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER Battle Group during the exercise.

The carrier battle group also conducted training with Egyptian naval and air-defense forces during the Mediterranean deployment. Its activities included Exercise Sea Wind, which involved simulated maritime and air attacks and the coordination of defensive measures with Egyptian forces. During the winter of 1984-1985, MISSISSIPPI continued operating in the Mediterranean, maintaining her air-defense and carrier escort responsibilities. The deployment involved operations in the western, central, and eastern Mediterranean, including training with American and allied naval units and visits to ports for maintenance, logistics, and crew liberty.

Ports visited by elements of the USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER Battle Group during the deployment included Haifa, Israel; Naples and Augusta Bay, Italy; Athens, Greece; Toulon, France; and Palma de Mallorca, Spain. MISSISSIPPI continued participating in carrier operations, anti-submarine warfare exercises, air-defense training, and underway replenishments until the completion of her assigned Sixth Fleet duties. In May 1985, the cruiser returned to Norfolk following the Mediterranean deployment.

The homecoming was followed almost immediately by an unexpected operational assignment. On May 24, 1985, during the Memorial Day weekend, MISSISSIPPI received orders to prepare for Operation Snap Lock, a short-notice deployment to the Norwegian and Barents Seas. The operation was intended to monitor a Soviet naval formation returning from the Mediterranean to the Soviet Northern Fleet. MISSISSIPPI was ordered to prepare for departure within approximately twenty hours. At the time, the ship was in a post-deployment standdown, with many crew members on leave or liberty.

The short preparation period required the available personnel to load supplies, restore equipment to operational condition, and complete the necessary engineering and navigation preparations. Approximately 125 crew members were unable to return before the ship sailed. MISSISSIPPI nevertheless departed with the available crew and proceeded toward the North Atlantic. After clearing the sea buoy, MISSISSIPPI increased speed to approximately 30 knots and maintained a high-speed transit toward the Norwegian Sea.

The cruiser joined NATO forces monitoring a Soviet naval group consisting of eight ships. The Soviet formation was returning from the Mediterranean to bases associated with the Northern Fleet on the Kola Peninsula. During the operation, MISSISSIPPI conducted maritime surveillance, radar and electronic monitoring, tactical maneuvering, and simulated engagements against the Soviet ships. The cruiser approached the Soviet formation to within approximately sixteen nautical miles while maintaining contact and reporting the group's movements to higher naval authorities.

MISSISSIPPI continued her assignment in northern waters for approximately seven weeks. The deployment was completed without logistical replenishment at sea. On July 5, 1985, the documented operational period associated with Snap Lock ended. The cruiser subsequently returned to Norfolk. MISSISSIPPI received a Meritorious Unit Commendation for her performance during Operation Snap Lock, covering the period from May 25 to July 5, 1985.

During the remainder of 1985, MISSISSIPPI underwent maintenance and resumed operational training in Atlantic Fleet operating areas. The cruiser received another Battle Efficiency Award for her performance during the preceding operational cycle.

During 1986, MISSISSIPPI entered Norfolk Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth, Virginia, for her first major overhaul. The overhaul included extensive maintenance and modernization of the ship's nuclear propulsion plant, engineering systems, electrical equipment, and combat systems. The modernization incorporated improvements that had previously been introduced aboard USS VIRGINIA. These included modifications to support the Standard Missile-2 Medium Range Block I weapon system and improvements to the ship's air-defense capabilities. The Standard Missile-2 incorporated command-guidance features that improved the engagement of air targets and the management of multiple missile engagements.

MISSISSIPPI also received Tomahawk cruise missile capability through the installation of armored box launchers on the aft portion of the ship. The installation required alterations to the ship's original aviation facilities. The below-deck helicopter hangar and elevator arrangement was removed to accommodate the new weapons installation and associated equipment. Additional modernization work included the installation or improvement of Phalanx close-in weapon systems, weapons-control equipment, radar and electronic systems, and other components of the combat system. The overhaul also involved inspections and repairs to the ship's nuclear propulsion plant and related machinery.

On October 8, 1986, Capt. Michael W. Bordy relieved Capt. Phillip R. Olson as commanding officer. During the remainder of 1986 and the first part of 1987, MISSISSIPPI remained at Norfolk Naval Shipyard while the overhaul and modernization continued. During this period, the ship received the Golden Anchor Award for personnel retention. In 1987, MISSISSIPPI received a Silver Star as runner-up for the Golden Anchor Award. In September 1987, MISSISSIPPI completed the overhaul and returned to operational training.

Following the shipyard period, the cruiser conducted engineering and combat-system trials to evaluate the nuclear propulsion plant, navigation equipment, missile launchers, radar systems, and newly installed weapons. The trials included training associated with the Standard Missile-2 and Tomahawk systems, together with damage-control exercises and operational readiness evaluations.

During 1988, MISSISSIPPI completed additional training in the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Fleet operating areas. The cruiser conducted refresher training and tactical exercises to maintain the qualifications of her engineering, navigation, and combat-system personnel. Preparations also continued for another extended overseas deployment. On June 30, 1989, Capt. Don P. Pollard relieved Capt. Michael W. Bordy as commanding officer.

During May 1989, MISSISSIPPI began a six-month deployment to the Mediterranean Sea as part of the U.S. Sixth Fleet's Med 3-89 Battle Force. The deployment included operations with American and allied surface ships, submarines, and aircraft throughout the Mediterranean. MISSISSIPPI conducted air-defense, maritime surveillance, anti-submarine warfare, and surface warfare training while maintaining readiness for contingency operations. During the deployment, the cruiser participated in carrier battle group operations, tactical communications exercises, and regular replenishments at sea.

On July 31, 1989, a Lebanese militant organization announced that it had killed Lt. Col. William R. Higgins, a U.S. Marine Corps officer serving with the United Nations peacekeeping mission in Lebanon. Higgins had been abducted in southern Lebanon in February 1988. The announcement of his death led American authorities to increase military readiness in the eastern Mediterranean and surrounding regions.

MISSISSIPPI was visiting Haifa, Israel, when the crisis developed. The cruiser received orders to make an emergency departure from port and proceeded to operating areas off the Lebanese coast. During August 1989, MISSISSIPPI served as Composite Warfare Coordinator for Anti-Surface Warfare within the American naval force operating near Lebanon. The assignment involved coordinating surveillance of surface contacts, monitoring the movements of vessels in the operating area, and maintaining readiness for naval operations if required. The aircraft carrier USS CORAL SEA also proceeded to the eastern Mediterranean as part of the American naval response.

MISSISSIPPI remained on station during the period of increased military readiness and continued supporting Sixth Fleet contingency operations. Following completion of these duties, the cruiser resumed regular Mediterranean operations. From September 4 to 13, 1989, MISSISSIPPI visited Marseille, France, together with the guided-missile frigates USS KAUFFMAN (FFG 59) and USS KLAKRING (FFG 42). The visit provided a maintenance and logistics period following the operations off Lebanon.

During September and October, MISSISSIPPI continued participating in Sixth Fleet exercises and maritime surveillance activities. On October 15, 1989, the cruiser was at anchor in Naples, Italy, during a port visit. MISSISSIPPI completed the Mediterranean deployment in November 1989 and returned to Norfolk.

In December 1989, the cruiser received another Battle Efficiency Award for her performance during the preceding operational cycle.

During the first half of 1990, MISSISSIPPI conducted three maritime law-enforcement operations in the Caribbean. The operations were conducted in cooperation with the U.S. Coast Guard and other American agencies involved in the detection and interception of vessels suspected of transporting illegal drugs. MISSISSIPPI used her radar, communications, and surveillance capabilities to monitor shipping and coordinate activities with Coast Guard aircraft and boarding teams. The counter-narcotics patrols alternated with maintenance, crew training, and preparations for another overseas deployment.

On August 2, 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait. The United Nations condemned the invasion and imposed economic sanctions against Iraq, while the United States began assembling a multinational military force in Saudi Arabia and surrounding regions. American naval forces deployed to the Mediterranean, Red Sea, Arabian Sea, and Persian Gulf under Operation Desert Shield.

On August 16, 1990, MISSISSIPPI departed Norfolk for deployment with the USS JOHN F. KENNEDY (CV 67) Battle Group. The battle group also included the guided-missile cruisers USS THOMAS S. GATES (CG 51) and USS SAN JACINTO (CG 56), the destroyer USS MOOSBRUGGER (DD 980), the frigate USS THOMAS C. HART (FF 1092), the guided-missile frigate USS SAMUEL B. ROBERTS (FFG 58), and the combat stores ship USS SYLVANIA (AFS 2).

During the initial phase of the deployment, MISSISSIPPI participated in Atlantic Fleet exercises before proceeding across the Atlantic with USS JOHN F. KENNEDY. The cruiser and the aircraft carrier proceeded ahead of other elements of the battle group and entered the Mediterranean on August 30, 1990. Following her arrival in the Mediterranean, MISSISSIPPI conducted air-defense and carrier escort duties while preparations continued for operations in support of the multinational coalition responding to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.

In September 1990, the cruiser transited the Suez Canal and entered the Red Sea. American naval forces in the region were assigned to enforce United Nations sanctions against Iraq and support the deployment of military equipment and personnel to Saudi Arabia. MISSISSIPPI served as flagship for Commander, Multinational Maritime Interception Force, coordinating maritime interception operations intended to prevent unauthorized cargo from entering or leaving Iraq. These operations involved surveillance of commercial shipping, examination of cargo documentation, and the inspection of vessels suspected of violating United Nations sanctions. The cruiser also coordinated air-defense operations and supported other American and coalition ships operating in the Red Sea and surrounding waters.

During the final months of 1990, MISSISSIPPI continued maintaining operational readiness as the coalition expanded its military presence and prepared for possible combat operations against Iraq. The United Nations Security Council subsequently authorized the use of force if Iraq failed to withdraw from Kuwait by January 15, 1991. After the deadline passed without an Iraqi withdrawal, coalition forces began Operation Desert Storm on January 17, 1991.

During the opening phase of the campaign, American ships in the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and eastern Mediterranean launched Tomahawk cruise missiles against designated Iraqi military and strategic targets. On January 18, 1991, MISSISSIPPI provided air-defense escort for the ammunition ship USS NITRO (AE 23) during her passage through the Bab el-Mandeb Strait into the Gulf of Aden. Following completion of the escort mission, MISSISSIPPI returned at high speed to her assigned Tomahawk launch position in the Red Sea. On January 25, 1991, MISSISSIPPI launched three BGM-109 Tomahawk Land Attack Missiles against designated Iraqi military targets. Two additional Tomahawk launches followed on January 26. The launches were coordinated with other American naval forces conducting long-range strikes as part of the coalition air campaign.

MISSISSIPPI continued operating in the Red Sea after the launches. From January 27 to February 24, 1991, she served as Local Anti-Air Warfare Screen Commander for the Red Sea Battle Force. The assignment involved coordinating surveillance and defensive operations for American naval units operating in the Red Sea. MISSISSIPPI maintained communications with participating ships and aircraft, monitored air and surface contacts, and supported the protection of naval forces and logistics shipping in the region.

Coalition ground forces began their offensive to liberate Kuwait on February 24. Major combat operations ended on February 28 after Iraqi forces withdrew from Kuwait. Following the cease-fire, MISSISSIPPI continued supporting American naval operations during the initial postwar period. The cruiser subsequently began her return voyage across the Mediterranean and Atlantic. On March 28, 1991, MISSISSIPPI returned to Norfolk following more than seven months overseas, completing her deployment in support of Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. For her service during the Gulf War, the cruiser received a Navy Unit Commendation covering the period from January 17 to February 28, 1991.

From May 1991 to August 1992, MISSISSIPPI underwent an extensive maintenance and modernization availability at Norfolk Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth, Virginia. The work included improvements to the ship's New Threat Upgrade combat-system suite, together with modifications to her air-defense and weapons-control capabilities. The modernization improved the integration of radar tracking, target evaluation, and missile engagement functions and incorporated enhancements to the Standard Missile-2 system. MISSISSIPPI also received improvements to her Tomahawk and Harpoon weapon systems, together with maintenance of her nuclear propulsion, electrical, and mechanical equipment. During the availability, shipyard personnel inspected and repaired major components and completed equipment modifications required for further service.

On August 1, 1992, Capt. William J. Laz Jr. relieved Capt. Don P. Pollard as commanding officer. Following completion of the availability, MISSISSIPPI resumed operational training in Atlantic Fleet operating areas. From September 1992 through 1993, MISSISSIPPI conducted three counter-narcotics operations in the Caribbean. These operations involved maritime surveillance, the tracking of suspicious vessels, cooperation with embarked Coast Guard law-enforcement personnel, and coordination with other American military and civilian agencies. The missions included monitoring maritime routes used for drug trafficking between South America, the Caribbean, and the United States. MISSISSIPPI maintained her air-defense and surface warfare readiness while performing the counter-narcotics assignments.

During this period, the cruiser earned another Battle Efficiency Award. In January 1994, she also received a second Golden Anchor Award for personnel retention.

Following the September 1991 overthrow of Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the United Nations and the United States imposed sanctions intended to pressure Haiti's military government to restore constitutional rule. American naval forces were assigned to monitor maritime traffic around Haiti and enforce embargo measures under Operation Support Democracy.

MISSISSIPPI participated in these operations during 1993 and 1994, using her radar and communications systems to monitor shipping approaching Haitian ports. On December 23, 1993, MISSISSIPPI was operating in support of Joint Task Group 120.1 during Operation Support Democracy. The cruiser conducted helicopter operations while supporting the maritime embargo near Port-au-Prince. The ship continued her regular training and maintenance activities between assignments associated with the Haitian crisis.

From July 14 to August 3, 1994, MISSISSIPPI participated in another concentrated period of maritime embargo enforcement off Haiti. The operation included monitoring merchant shipping, investigating vessels suspected of violating sanctions, and coordinating with other ships and aircraft assigned to the international enforcement effort. In September 1994, the United States organized a multinational military intervention intended to restore the elected government of President Aristide.

On September 19, American-led forces began entering Haiti under Operation Uphold Democracy, following negotiations that secured the agreement of the Haitian military leadership. Other American naval forces supporting the intervention included USS AMERICA (CV 66) and USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER. The latter embarked approximately 1,800 personnel from the U.S. Army's XVIII Airborne Corps, together with Army helicopters, for operations associated with the intervention.

President Aristide returned to Haiti on October 15, 1994. International military activities continued during the subsequent transition, and responsibility for peacekeeping was transferred to a United Nations force on March 31, 1995. Following her operations in the Caribbean, MISSISSIPPI resumed preparations for deployment to the Mediterranean Sea. During November 1994 and the following months, the cruiser completed a training program that included combat-system evaluations, operational inspections, and exercises in Atlantic Fleet operating areas.

In spring 1995, MISSISSIPPI deployed to the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas in support of American and NATO naval operations connected with the conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The deployment took place during the final year of the Bosnian War, when NATO and United Nations forces were conducting operations intended to restrict military flights, enforce arms embargoes, and support international humanitarian activities. Operation Deny Flight enforced restrictions on military aviation over Bosnia-Herzegovina. Operation Sharp Guard involved NATO and Western European naval forces conducting maritime surveillance and interception operations in the Adriatic Sea to enforce United Nations sanctions and arms embargoes. Operation Provide Promise supported the delivery of humanitarian assistance to populations affected by the conflict.

MISSISSIPPI operated with American and allied naval forces in the Adriatic Sea, performing air-defense, maritime surveillance, and maritime interception duties. The cruiser was repeatedly assigned the role of Red Crown in the Maverick Operating Area. As Red Crown, MISSISSIPPI coordinated the surveillance, identification, and control of aircraft operating in the Adriatic region. The assignment required the maintenance of a recognized air picture and the coordination of information between naval units, military aircraft, and airborne early-warning platforms.

The cruiser performed Red Crown duties during six documented periods: April 2 to 18, May 14 to 21, June 11 to 21, June 30 to July 9, July 22 to 27, and August 22 to September 6, 1995. During these assignments, MISSISSIPPI monitored aircraft operating in the vicinity of the Adriatic and Bosnia-Herzegovina and supported coordination between participating NATO forces.

On April 7, 1995, MISSISSIPPI intercepted the Polish merchant vessel DAJTI during maritime embargo enforcement operations. A boarding team from the cruiser went aboard the merchant vessel to inspect its cargo and documentation for possible violations of United Nations sanctions. The boarding formed part of the multinational maritime interception effort in the Adriatic, where participating naval units examined commercial shipping suspected of carrying prohibited goods.

During the deployment, MISSISSIPPI alternated between air-defense coordination duties, maritime surveillance, and other assignments supporting the American and NATO naval presence. The cruiser conducted operational training and replenishments at sea while maintaining her combat-system readiness. On May 21, 1995, Capt. Lawrence A. Lewandowski relieved Capt. William J. Laz Jr. as commanding officer. MISSISSIPPI continued her Adriatic operations during June, July, and August, returning repeatedly to the Red Crown station as NATO air operations and maritime enforcement activities continued. The deployment coincided with an escalation of fighting in Bosnia, including NATO air operations against Bosnian Serb military targets during the summer of 1995.

MISSISSIPPI maintained her assigned air-defense surveillance and coordination responsibilities during these operations. Following completion of her final documented Red Crown assignment on September 6, MISSISSIPPI continued Sixth Fleet operations before returning to Norfolk. The cruiser subsequently resumed maintenance and training in Atlantic Fleet operating areas.

During late 1995 and early 1996, MISSISSIPPI conducted further readiness evaluations and local operations as the Navy continued reducing the number of nuclear-powered surface combatants in active service.

On February 24, 1996, Cuban Air Force fighters shot down two civilian Cessna 337 aircraft operated by Brothers to the Rescue, a Cuban exile organization based in Florida. The aircraft were conducting a mission near Cuba when they were intercepted by Cuban military aircraft. Four civilians were killed in the incident, which caused a serious diplomatic confrontation between Cuba and the United States. The U.S. Navy subsequently organized maritime security operations in the Florida Straits in response to the incident and to support civilian vessels operating in the area.

MISSISSIPPI was assigned to lead a surface action group that included USS TICONDEROGA (CG 47) and USS JOHN L. HALL (FFG 32). From February 25 to 28 and again from March 1 to 7, 1996, the surface action group participated in Operations Sentinel Lifeguard, Standoff IV, and Escort 1-96. These operations involved maritime surveillance, monitoring of the approaches to Cuba, and the protection of civilian maritime traffic during the period of heightened tensions. The group also escorted a civilian flotilla that traveled to waters near the site of the aircraft shootdown to hold a memorial ceremony and lay a wreath for the four people killed. MISSISSIPPI coordinated the activities of the participating American surface combatants and maintained surveillance of air and surface contacts in the operating area. Following completion of the operations, the cruiser returned to Norfolk and resumed preparations for deactivation.

The end of the Cold War and subsequent reductions in American defense spending had led the Navy to reassess the continued service of its nuclear-powered surface combatants. The VIRGINIA-class cruisers faced significant costs associated with nuclear refueling, major maintenance, and the further modernization of their combat systems. Although MISSISSIPPI retained substantial air-defense and Tomahawk strike capabilities, the Navy decided not to undertake the extensive refueling and modernization work required to extend her service life.

During 1996, the cruiser began the deactivation process at Norfolk. The preparations included the removal and transfer of ammunition, supplies, equipment, and classified material, together with administrative and technical work associated with the eventual shutdown and disposal of the nuclear-powered warship. On September 6, 1996, MISSISSIPPI was formally deactivated at Norfolk. She remained in commission while the Navy completed the remaining preparations for her retirement.

On July 28, 1997, MISSISSIPPI was formally decommissioned at Norfolk, ending almost nineteen years of commissioned service. Her name was subsequently struck from the Naval Vessel Register, and the former cruiser was prepared for transfer to the Navy's inactive nuclear-powered ship facilities in the Pacific Northwest. During March 1998, the Military Sealift Command ocean-going tug USNS MOHAWK (T-ATF 170) took the former MISSISSIPPI under tow from Norfolk toward the Panama Canal. The tow proceeded to Rodman, Panama, where the former cruiser was transferred to another Military Sealift Command tug. USNS NAVAJO (T-ATF 169) subsequently took the former MISSISSIPPI under tow for the remainder of the voyage to the U.S. West Coast.

The journey continued through the Pacific Ocean to Puget Sound Naval Shipyard at Bremerton, Washington, where the former cruiser arrived in May 1998. Following her arrival, MISSISSIPPI was placed in inactive status while preparations continued for the removal of her nuclear fuel and the eventual dismantling of the ship. The former cruiser remained at Bremerton during the following years as the Navy scheduled her disposal under the Ship-Submarine Recycling Program. The program involved removing nuclear fuel and associated components, dismantling the reactor compartments, and processing the remaining sections of the hull, machinery, and equipment in accordance with the Navy's procedures for disposing of nuclear-powered vessels.

On May 5, 2003, the former MISSISSIPPI's main mast was dedicated at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Ocean Springs, Mississippi, where it was preserved as a memorial to American military service. In October 2004, MISSISSIPPI entered the Ship-Submarine Recycling Program at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. The dismantling involved the separation and processing of the ship's nuclear propulsion compartments, the removal of remaining equipment, and the recycling of the conventional portions of the hull. The recycling of the former MISSISSIPPI was completed at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard on December 5, 2006.

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